Herbs I have known.

Some say that Magic is the science of making people believe that which is not true, but I have a different opinion.
I suspect that Magic and science are but two sides of the same coin, Magic being the side that is constantly turned away from our view, like the so called 'dark side' of the Moon.

Magicians and Herbs

A Magician has to know something about Herbs. I don't mean Herbert, from down the block, but Plants, those things that we eat, wash with, wear, smell, use to heal ourselves and generally have all around us all the time. Why, you may ask, and that is a good question, since Magicians deal in Probability, alternate reality and dreams. Well, I'll give you a simple example.
Let us say that a magician is trying to effect a change in the normal probability of his personal existance. He walks outside and see's a plant, a rhododendron. Is it variagated? flowering, leafed out, is it what he was hoping for or just expecting? If he knows what should be there then he knows if anything has changed... Plants tend to stay in one place, are alive and are excellent indicators of normalcy, or the lack thereof. It would behoove the magician to know that garden flowers seldom bite and barkwood doesn't. Not to mention he needs to know that snapdragons don't breathe fire nor do they generally snap.
In light of that, here is a note on growing things that tend to be stuck in the ground and convert CO2 into O2. The vegetable world comprises three main groups of plants, usually called Superior,erntermediary and Inferior. These encompass bacteria, microscopic algae, mushrooms, ferns, brushes, trees, and practically anything else that doesn't walk, fly, swim or slither.
Their identification is a task of specialists and the limit between the vegetable and animal world is not clear. To simplify matters, I consider plants those recognized as such by ordinary people.

Medicinal plants and herbs contain substances known to modern and ancient civilizations for their properties. Until the development of Chemistry and, particularly, of the synthesis of organic compounds in the 19 Century, medicinal plants and herbs were the source of substances for curing (or causing) ailments. They continue to be important to people in addition to modern medicines and modern pharmaceuticals rely heavily on these active substances, whether natural or synthetic. The active ingredients differ from plant to plant due to biodiversity and climactic variations.

The claims made for the herbs listed here date from as far back as the 18th century, some is current, but much is herbal lore and may be completely inaccurate.

There follows a list of some few plants and what is known of them.

Abscess Root ---Medicinal Action and Uses from the 19th century---Astringent, alterative, diaphoretic, expectorant. The drug has been recommended for use in febrile and inflammatory eases, all scrofulous diseases, in bowel complaints requiring an astringent, for the bites of venomous snakes and insects, for bronchitis and laryngitis and whenever an alterative is required. It is reported to have cured consumption; an infusion of the root in wineglassful doses is useful in coughs, colds and all lung complaints, producing copious perspiration.


ACACIA (Acacia Senegal) Also known as: Arabic, Cape Gum, Christ's Crown, Egyptian Thorn, Gum Arabic Tree, Thorny Acacia.
Indigenous to: Northern Africa
In Judeo-Christian Mythology, Acacia was the wood of the Ark of The Covenant and The Sacred Tabernacle, and Thorny Acacia was the plant from which Christ's Crown of Thorns was made.
Common uses: Powdered, dried acacia gum is added to hot water to form a throat coating mucilage that also prevents diarrhea.
In several of the Australian species the leaflets are suppressed and the leaf stalks, vertically flattened serve the purpose of leaves. Some species afford valuable timber: the black wood of Australia, which is used for furniture because it takes such a high polish, is the wood of the . melanoxylon. The bark of another Australian species, known as Wattles, is rich in tannin and forms a valuable article of export. The pods of other species are employed in Egypt and Nubia for their tannin. The pods of the A. Concuine are used by Indian women in the same way as the soapnut for washing the head; and the leaves of the same tree are employed in cookery for their acidity.

Certain tribes on the Amazon use the seeds of another species, the Acacia Niopo, for snuff combined with lime and cocculus. Various species of acacia yield gum; but the best gum arabic used in medicine is an exudation from the A. Senegal. This species grows abundantly in East and West tropical Africa, forming forests in Senegambia north of the River Senegal. Most of the gum acacia collected in Upper Egypt and the Sudan is produced by the A. verek, and is known locally as Hachah.
Acacia Bark Acacia Bark, known as Wattle Bark, is obtained from the chief of the Australian Wattles, A. decurrens , the Black Wattle, and, more recently, A. arabica has been similarly used in East Africa for its astringency.
The bark is collected from wild or cultivated trees, seven years old or more, and must be allowed to mature for a year before being used medicinally.
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Medicinally it is employed as a substitute for Oak Bark. It has special use in diarrhoea, mainly in the form of a decoction, the British Pharmacopoeia preparation being 6 parts in 100 administered in doses of 1/2 to 2 fluid ounces. The decoction also is used as an astringent gargle, lotion, or injection.
A liquid extract is prepared from the bark of A. arabica, administered in India for its astringent properties in doses of 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm, but the use of both gum and bark for industrial purposes is much larger than their use in medicine. The bark, under the name of Babul, is used in Scinde for tanning, and also for dyeing various shades of brown.

Acacia (false) Robinia pseudacacia
R. pseudacacia, the False Acacia or Locust Tree, one of the most valuable timber trees of the American forest, where it grows to a very large size, was one of the first trees introduced into England from America, and is cultivated as an ornamental tree in the milder parts of Britain, forming a large tree, with beautiful pea-like blossoms.
--Medicinal Action and Uses---The inner bark contains a poisonous proteid substance, Robin, which possesses strong emetic and purgative properties. It is capable of coagulating the casein of milk and of clotting the red corpuscles of certain animals.

Tonic, emetic and purgative properties have been ascribed to the root and bark, but the locust tree is rarely, if ever, prescribed as a therapeutic agent.
Occasional cases of poisoning are on record in which boys have chewed the bark and swallowed the juice: the principal symptoms being dryness of the throat, burning pain in the abdomen, dilatation of the pupils, vertigo and muscular twitches; excessive quantities causing also weak and irregular heart action.
Though the leaves of Robinia have also been stated to produce poisonous effects careful examination has failed to detect the presence of any soluble proteid or of alkaloids, and by some the leaves have been recorded as even affording wholesome food for cattle.
The flowers contain a glucoside, Robinin, which, on being boiled with acids, is resolved into sugar and quercetin.

Acacia (gum) ACACIA NILOTICA (LINN.) All the gum-yielding Acacias exhibit the same habit and general appearance, differing only in technical characters. They are spiny shrubs or small trees, preferring sandy or sterile regions, with the climate dry during the greater part of the year.
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Gum Acacia is a demulcent and serves by the viscidity of its solution to cover and sheathe inflamed surfaces.

Adder's Tongue (American)Erythronium Americanum
Any of various ferns in the genus Ophioglossum, having leaves divided into a simple, sterile blade and a slender, spikelike spore-bearing segment. Yellow adder’s tongue (also commonly called yellow trout lily, yellow fawn lily and yellow dog-tooth violet) is a Missouri native spring wildflower that occurs in moist woods, on wooded slopes and bluffs, and along streams in the southern part of the State. Although no records of toxicity have been seen for this species, the following notes have been seen for another member of this genus and so some caution is advised. Skin contact with the bulbs has been known to cause dermatitis in sensitive people[
Edible Parts: Flowers; Leaves; Root. (small amounts, can be emetic)
Bulb - raw or cooked. A crisp, chewy and very pleasant taste]. The bulb is up to 25mm long and is buried quite deeply in the soil. Leaves - raw or cooked. Added to salads. Eating the leaves will greatly reduce the vigour of the bulb, so can only be recommended in times of emergency. Flowers, flower buds and flower stems - raw or cooked.
Medicinal Uses
Antiscrophulatic; Contraceptive; Emetic; Emollient; Poultice.
All parts of the plant, but especially the bulb and the fresh leaves, are strongly emetic and are not used internally. The fresh leaves are also antiscrofulatic and emollient and are used as an infusion or stimulating poultice applied to swellings, tumours and scrofulous ulcers. The juice from crushed leaves has been applied to wounds that are not healing. A poultice of the crushed bulbs has been applied to swellings and to help remove splinters. The raw plant, excluding the roots, has been used by native North American young girls to prevent conception.

Adrue Cyperus articulatus
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Carminative, sedative, very useful in morning sickness. Cyperus articulatus extracts possess components that can decrease excitation (NMDA receptor antagonists) and increase inhibition (GABA(B) receptor agonists) in the central nervous system. Used for centuries, this herb is not known to cause any undesireble side effects.

Agar-Agar Gelidium amansii
Seaweed, used as a thickening agent, extracts of G. amansii from various preparations exhibited antiproliferative effects on Hepa-1 and NIH-3T3 cells, and apoptosis may play a role in the methanol and DMSO extract-induced inhibitory effects. However, the antiproliferative effects of PBS extracts was not through apoptosis. Moreover, the growth-inhibitory effects of G. amansii were not specific to cancer cells, so that the agent would have undesireble effects in chemotherapy.
On the other hand, dietary antioxidants from plants are believed to help prevent aging and other diseases through radical scavenging activity. Gelidium amansii has a good ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals.

Agaric Amanita Muscaria
Common Name; Fly Agaric Religious/Cultural name; Soma
Religious use of A muscaria has been documented among Siberians, American Indians, the Sami, and the Japanese in modern times. A report by a group of researchers who actually partook has been published on the web (it is not very prettily formatted, but it does include some interesting comments on religious and spiritual effects, as well as some speculation on neural mechanisms for the mushrooms' activity). Historically, an article from 1809 documents their contemporary use among the Kamchacals.
The ancestral population of A. muscaria likely evolved in the Siberian-Beringian region and underwent fragmentation.

Agave: The Agave or American Aloe (Agave Americana), which is remarkable for the long interval between its periods of flowering. This is a succulent plant, without stem, the leaves being radical, spiney, and toothed. There is a variety with variegated foliage. The flower-stalk rises to many feet in height, bearing a number of large and handsome flowers. In cold climates there is usually a very long interval between the times of its flowering, though it is a popular error to suppose that it happens only once in a hundred years (hence the name Century Plant) for when it obtains sufficient heat and receives a culture similar to that of the pineapple, it is found to flower much more frequently. Various species of Agave, all of which closely resemble each other, have been largely grown as ornamental plants since the first half of the sixteenth century in the south of Europe, and are completely acclimatized in Spain, Portugal and Southern Italy, but though often popularly called Aloes all of them are plants of the New World whereas the true Aloes are natives of the Old World. From a chemical point of view there is also no analogy at all between Aloes and Agaves. The century plant and the drink Tequila are both agave family members.

Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria
Medicinal Uses Antiaphonic; Astringent; Bach; Blood purifier; Cholagogue; Diuretic; Hepatic; Skin; Tonic; Vulnerary.
Agrimony has long been used as a popular domestic herbal remedy. An astringent and mildly bitter herb, it is a helpful remedy for diarrhoea and a gentle tonic for the digestion as a whole. The whole plant is antiaphonic, astringent, blood purifier, cholagogue, diuretic, tonic and vulnerary. It contains up to 5% tannin, which has a strongly astringent effect. When taken internally, an infusion of the plant has a great reputation in the treatment of jaundice and other complaints of the liver, it is also used to treat diarrhea and as a gargle for sore throats. Externally, a strong decoction is used to treat wounds, skin problems, hemorrhoids etc. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are 'Mental torture' and 'Worry, concealed from others'.

Agrimony (Hemp)Eupatorium cannabinum
Not widely used, this herb is a strong purgative and can be emetic. It appears to have no real value beyond that.

Agrimony (Water) Bidens tripartita
The Water Agrimony, now called the Burr Marigold is an annual flowering in late summer and autumn. AKA Three-lobe Beggarticks, it may have also gone by the name of Langbacao, described for the first time in Kai Bao Ben Cao in the 10th century, in which Langbacao was introduced as an herb medicine for scours. While, as the name of Qu, Wujie, it was first described in Er Ya and as the name of Langyecao, it was first described in Ben Cao Shi Yi. Many investigators have confirmed that the original plant of Langbacao is to be Bidens tripartita L. In Japan, Langbacao is generally recognized as ta-u-ko-gi, while some investigators suggested that it is unlikely that ta-u-ko-gi is identical to Langbacao. In the old Chinese literature, Langbacao had been mentioned as a dye which could make hair dark. But in modern Chinese and Japanese literature, few papers reported the use of Bidens tripartita L. as a dye. The characteristics of the shapes of Langbacao between old and modern literature seem not to be consistent. Other names of Langbacao are confused even in the modern literature. It seems that Langbacao in the old literature includes species of the genus Bidens other than B. tripartita.

Alder, Black American Prinos verticillatus AKA winterberry
This shrub is the most ornamental of the American deciduous hollies. ---Medicinal Action and Uses---Cathartic, antiseptic, tonic, and astringent bitter. The bark is antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic. A decoction is used internally in the treatment of diarrhea, malaria etc, and externally in the treatment of indolent sores and chronic skin disease. Although no specific reports of toxicity have been seen for this species, the fruits of at least some members of this genus contain saponins and are toxic. They can cause vomiting, diarrhoea and stupor. Also, if eaten in quantity, the fruit is poisonous.

Alder, Common Alnus Glutinosa
Aside from some cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors this herb is of little use. Pretty though.

Alder Buckthorn Rhamnus Frangula Blackthorn
The plant is poisonous unless stored for 12 months before use.
This report refers to the bark.
Alder buckthorn has been used medicinally as a gentle laxative since at least the Middle Ages. The bark contains 3 - 7% anthraquinones, these act on the wall of the colon stimulating a bowel movement approximately 8 - 12 hours after ingestion. It is so gentle and effective a treatment when prescribed in the correct dosages that it is completely safe to use for children and pregnant women. The bark also contains anthrones and anthranols, these induce vomiting but the severity of their effect is greatly reduced after the bark has been dried and stored for a long time. The bark is harvested in early summer from the young trunk and moderately sized branches, it must then be dried and stored for at least 12 months before being used The inner bark is cathartic, cholagogue, laxative (the fresh bark is violently purgative), tonic, vermifuge. It is taken internally as a laxative for chronic atonic constipation and is also used to treat abdominal bloating, hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice, and liver and gall bladder complaints. It should be used with caution since excess doses or using the bark before it is cured can cause violent purging. Externally, the bark is used to treat gum diseases and scalp infestations, or as a lotion for minor skin irritations. The fruit is occasionally used, it is aperient without being irritating.

Alder, Tag Alnus serrulata
An astringent and emetic, A tea made from the bark is analgesic, astringent, blood purifier, diuretic, emetic and purgative. It is used in the treatment of diarrhea, the pain of childbirth, coughs, toothache and sore mouths. Externally, it is used as an eye wash and a wash for hives, poison ivy rash, piles, swellings and sprains. A decoction of the cones is astringent.

Alkanets Alkanna tinctoria
The root is antibacterial, antipruritic, astringent and vulnerary. It is used externally in the treatment of varicose veins, indolent ulcers, bed sores and itching rashes. The root is harvested in the autumn and can be dried for later use. Internal use can cause severe liver problems.

Allspice Pimento officinalis
Like most spices, too much can be toxic. Like clove, allspice has large amounts of the volatile oil compound called eugenol, and with eugenol, overdose is possible, causing a wide range of symptoms from blood in the patient's urine, to convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, unconsciousness, dizziness, or rapid heartbeat.

Almonds Amygdalus communis
Almonds are high in monounsaturated fats, the same type of health-promoting fats as are found in olive oil, which have been associated with reduced risk of heart disease. Five large human epidemiological studies, including the Nurses Health Study, the Iowa Health Study, the Adventist Health Study and the Physicians Health Study, all found that nut consumption is linked to a lower risk for heart disease. Researchers who studied data from the Nurses Health Study estimated that substituting nuts for an equivalent amount of carbohydrate in an average diet resulted in a 30% reduction in heart disease risk. Researchers calculated even more impressive risk reduction--45%--when fat from nuts was substituted for saturated fats (found primarily found in meat and dairy products).
A study published in the October 2004 issue of the British Journal of Nutrition indicates that when foods independently known to lower cholesterol, such as almonds, are combined in a healthy way of eating, the beneficial effects are additive. In this study of 12 patients with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, a diet containing almonds and other nuts, plant sterols (also found in nuts), soy protein, and soluble fiber (in high amounts in beans, oats, pears) reduced blood levels of all LDL fractions including small dense LDL (the type that most increases risk for cardiovascular disease) with near maximal reductions seen after only 2 weeks.(January 14, 2005)
In addition to their cholesterol-lowering effects, almonds' ability to reduce heart disease risk may also be partly due to the antioxidant action of the vitamin E found in the almonds, as well as to the LDL-lowering effect of almonds' monounsaturated fats. (LDL is the form of cholesterol that has been linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease). When almonds are substituted for more traditional fats in human feeding trials, LDL cholesterol can be reduced from 8 to 12%. In addition to healthy fats and vitamin E, a quarter-cup of almonds contains almost 98 mg of magnesium (that's 24.4% of the daily value for this important mineral), plus 258 mg of potassium.
Magnesium is Nature's own calcium channel blocker. When there is enough magnesium around, veins and arteries breathe a sigh of relief and relax, which lessens resistance and improves the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Studies show that a deficiency of magnesium is not only associated with heart attack but that immediately following a heart attack, lack of sufficient magnesium promotes free radical injury to the heart. Potassium, an important electrolyte involved in nerve transmission and the contraction of all muscles including the heart, is another mineral that is essential for maintaining normal blood pressure and heart function. Almonds promote your cardiovascular health by providing 298 mg of potassium and only 0.4 mg of sodium, making almonds an especially good choice to in protecting against high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

Aloes aloe Perryi, Aloe vera
---Constituents---The name 'Socotrine' Aloes is officially applied to both Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloes. Its chief constituents are Barbaloin (formerly called Socaloin and Zanaloin) and B. Barbaloin, no Isobarbaloin being present in this variety of Aloes. Resin water-soluble substances other than Aloin and Aloe-emodin are also present.
ALOE MUCILAGINOUS POLYSACCHARIDE is the active ingredient which causes healing when applied or consumed, but Aloe is a natural Purgative, so that the substance must be refined and concentrated for best medicinal effect.
Aloe vera is a succulent plant used medicinally for thousands of years in both Eastern and Western cultures. The gel obtained from the middle of the leaf has been used primarily as a topical treatment for burns, abrasions and mucosal irritation, although most evidence is anecdotal. There was one study in adults, however, showing that aloe extract cream was useful for psoriasis when applied three times daily for four weeks.
Data on the use of aloe gel taken orally in humans is less clear; pilot studies suggest that it may be useful for a number of ailments, including ulcers, cancer and viral infections such as HIV. In laboratory experiments, aloe has shown anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity and seems to block reproduction of HIV and herpes viruses.
Some data in animals suggests that aloe may lower blood sugar, but this evidence is preliminary. The aloe leaf lining, also known as the "latex," is a potent stimulant laxative, and thus can cause diarrhea, cramping and dehydration when used inappropriately.

Alstona Alstonia scholaris
--Medicinal Action and Uses, historical---The bark is used in homoeopathy for its tonic bitter and astringent properties; it is particularly useful for chronic diarrhoea and dysentry. Alstonia scholaris is a source of a remedy against malaria, toothache, rheumatism and snake bites. The latex is used in treating coughs, throat sores and fever.

Alstonia Bark The bark, roots, latex and leaves are used in folk medicine. Many indigenous people in tropical countries (Africa and Asia) collect the bark and roots of Alstonia (especially of section Alstonia) to treat malaria, toothache, rheumatism, diarrhoea, snake bites, sores, and other ailments. The latex is usually taken as a drink to treat coughs, throat sores and fever. In Fiji, a latex of Alstonia costata has been applied to people with eye trouble. The leaves are used to treat all skin diseases. In India Alstonia venenata and Alstoniascholaris are also used as tonic, antiperiodic and anthelmintic. The ripe fruits of Alstonia venenata found use in the treatment of syphilis, insanity and epilepsy in Indian medicine, prior to the advent of antibiotics and such anti-seizure drugs as phenobarbital and ethosuximide.
Due to the shape of their pagoda-like crown and fragrant flowers, many species have ornamental use.

ALTHEA (althea officinalis) Also known as: Marshmallow, Witchwet, Wymote.
Indigenous to: Wetlands
Common uses of: Food plant with alternate usages much like aloe vera.

Amaranths Amaranthus hypochondriacus
---Medical Action and Uses---Some species have slightly astringent properties, others are diaphoretics and diuretics, and a few are tonics and stimulants.No members of this genus are known to be poisonous, but when grown on nitrogen-rich soils they are known to concentrate nitrates in the leaves. This is especially noticeable on land where chemical fertilizers are used. Nitrates are implicated in stomach cancers, blue babies and some other health problems. It is inadvisable, therefore, to eat this plant if it is grown inorganically. Folk medicine ascribes the following properties.
The whole plant contains tannin and is astringent. It is used internally in the treatment of diarrhea and excessive menstruation. It can be used as a gargle to soothe inflammation of the pharynx and to hasten the healing of ulcerated mouths, whilst it can also be applied externally to treat vaginal discharges, nosebleeds and wounds. The plant can be used fresh or it can also be harvested when coming into flower and dried for later use. If you like spinach, you'll probably find Amaranthus hypochondriacus delicious. Young leaves should be cooked like spinach. Rich in vitamins and minerals, they have a mild flavor. Seed can be raw or cooked. They can be used as a cereal substitute or be popped in much the same way as popcorn. For bean sprouts, the seed can be soaked for 12 hours in warm water and then allowed to sprout for about 11 days. They can then be added to salads. Very small but the seed is easy to harvest and very nutritious.

Wild Amaranth- As other Amaranths, the wild variety is very rich in Vitamins A, C and B1, not to mention Iron and calcium while containing both protein and complex carbohydrates.

Ammoniacum: Dorema ammoniacum
Hippocratic herb, Antispasmodic; Carminative; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Expectorant; Poultice; Stimulant; Vasodilator.
Ammoniacum has been used in Western herbal medicine for thousands of years as an effective remedy for various complaints of the chest.
A gum resin, found in cavities in the tissues of stems, roots and petioles which often exudes naturally from holes in the stems caused by beetles (though this is not so pure as that obtained from the plant tissues) was thought antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, poultice, stimulant and vasodilator. It was used internally in the treatment of chronic bronchitis (especially in the elderly), asthma and catarrh. Externally, it was used as a plaster for swellings of the joints and indolent tumours.

Anemones All parts of this plant contain protoanemonin, an irritating acrid oil that is an enzymatic breakdown product of the glycoside ranunculin. While protoanemonin can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation, it is unstable and changes into harmless anemonin when plants are dried or heated. Pretty much a poor man's poison Ivy.


Angelica caution All members of this genus contain furocoumarins, which increase skin sensitivity to sunlight and may cause dermatitis
The root is emmenagogue, oxytocic, sedative and tonic. It is used in the treatment of menstrual cramps, PMS and dizziness.

Angelica Tree Aralia spinosa AKA ( Devil's walking stick ) Berries are a topical Anisthetic. Large amounts of the berries are poisonous. Analgesic. The bark, especially of the roots is the part most commonly used medicinally, in spite of the fruits medicinal properties. The fresh bark is strongly emetic, ophthalmic, purgative and sialagogue, when dried it is a stimulating alterative and is diaphoretic. A tincture of the berries is used in the treatment of toothache and rheumatism. A poultice of the roots is applied to boils, skin eruptions, varicose veins, old sores and swellings. A cold infusion of the roots is used as drops for sore eyes.

Angostura (True) The bark has long been known and used by the natives of South America and West Indies as a stimulant tonic.

Use sparingly, can be cathartic.
Contains: 2-N-AMYLQUINOLINE, ANGOSTURINE, CADINENE, CUSPARIDINE, GALIPENE, N-METHYLQUINOLINE-(2), and numerous other compounds.

ANISE (Pimpinella Anisium) Also known as: False Licorice Seed, Italian Licorice.
Common uses: Flavoring, cramp and nausea reliever Anise has been cultivated in Egypt and known to the Greeks, Romans and Arabs, who named the plant anysun. Since Antiquity it has been used as a flavoring spice in recipes and as a diuretic, to treat digestive problems and to relieve toothache. Anise seeds are known for their ability to reduce flatulence and colic, and to settle the digestion. They are commonly given to infants and children to relieve colic, and to people of all ages to ease nausea and indigestion. It also has an expectorant and antispasmodics action that is helpful in countering menstrual pain, asthma, whooping cough and bronchitis. The mild hormonal action of anise seeds may explain its ability to increase breast-milk production and its reputation for easing childbirth and treating impotence and frigidity. Anise essential oil is used externally to treat lice and scabies.

Anise (Star) Illicium verum
Pretty much the same uses as Anise, but is poisonous in quantity and as such has a great antibacterial effect, not to mention sweetening the Breath.
[ what Killed Him?, I don't know,,,, but doesnt his breath smell nice?]

Annatto: Bixa orellana:
aka: achiote, achiotec, achiotl, achote, urucu, beninoki, bija, eroya, jafara, kasujmba-kelling, kham thai, onoto, orleanstrauch, orucu-axiote, rocou, roucou, ruku, roucouyer, unane, uruku, urucum, urucu-üvaachiote
What it does: reduces acid, reduces inflammation, stops coughing, fights free radicals, kills parasites, kills germs, soothes membranes, increases urination, reduces phlegm, stimulates digestion, reduces fever, lowers blood pressure, raises blood sugar, mildly laxative, heals wounds and protects the liver while doing it.

Apocyrum: Apocynum Cannabinum Canadian Hemp Dogbane
Reported to be poisonous to dogs, this plant contains Cymarin, which is found in the plant's roots and was used as a cardiac stimulant listed until 1952 in the medicinal text United States Pharmacopoeia. The milky sap contains cardiac glycosides that have physiologic actions similar to digitoxin.
As a hemp plant, Hemp dogbane is known for cordage. Before domestic cotton was introduced and cultivated, around 700 A.D., leaf and stem fibers, hair or wool from dogs or wild animals, bird feathers, animal skins, or human hair were used to create prehistoric cordage. Dogbane fibers have been found in some archeological sites thousands of years old.
Even though this plant is associated with the cannibus which is familiar as a 'recreational' drug, it should not be confused with cannibus indica or cannibus sativa, as it does not contain cannabinol.

ARNICA (Arnica Montna) Also known as: Mountain Tobacco, Silver Witchweed, Silverwolf, Wolfsbane
Indigenous to: Canada, US, Europe
Common uses: DO NOT USE unless you are an herbal doctor, but plant in a decorative garden for protection. Use gloves when tending it. Arnica has been used extensively in European folk medicine. The German philosopher and poet Goethe (1749-1832), claimed arnica for ease his angina in old age. Herbalism and homeopathy use arnica extracts, ointments and compresses to reduce inflammation and pain from bruises, sprains, tendons, dislocations and swollen areas. Arnica improves the local blood supply and accelerates healing. It is anti-inflammatory and increases the rate of re-absorption of internal bleeding. The internal use of arnica is restricted to homeopathic dosages as it is potentially toxic.


Astragalus Astragalus membranaceous
Known as an organ toning and balancing herb, Astragalus provides a powerful stimulus to the immune system. Astragalus is the dried root of a perennial that attains a height of about 20 feet and is grown in Northern China. According to traditional Chinese Medicine, Astragalus is classified as a warm, sweet tonic that enhances the functioning of the spleen and lung. It is recommended for general strengthening, treating excessive perspiration, eliminating toxins and promoting the healing of damaged tissues. In addition, it is used for the treatment of edema, night sweats, skin ulcerations and abscesses.
Analysis of Astragalus has revealed some of the following components that are responsible for its active effect: polysaccharides, gluconic acid, mucilage, amino acids, choline, betaine, folic acid, kumatakenin, and flavones, including quercetin, isorhamnepin and ramnocitrin.
Several fractions of polysaccharides are believed to be responsible for the major immune stimulating effect of Astragalus. When injected into rats, they increase the number of macrophages, enhance T-cell transformation (from suppressors to helpers), and increase phagocytosis. In mice, Astragalus has been shown to promote the ability of the immune system to produce interferon and increase the cleaning rate of toxins.
In human and clinical trials, Astragalus has demonstrated its ability to substantially increase the one, three and five year survival rate of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Additionally, Astragalus has been shown to increase the number of antibodies (IgA and IgG) in the blood and to induce the production of interferon by white blood cells.
Astragalus may also be an effective protector against the ravages of chemotherapy. Some of the standard anticancer drugs cause degeneration of the liver which expresses itself as an elevation of key liver enzymes. Such enzyme activity was not elevated in a group of animals that received Astragalus in addition to chemotherapy

Wood Avens: Geum urbanum
Wood avens is an astringent herb, which was used principally to treat problems affecting the mouth, throat and gastro-intestinal tract. It tightens up soft gums, heals mouth ulcers, makes a good gargle for infections of the pharynx and larynx, and reduces irritation of the stomach and intestines. All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic. An infusion is taken internally in the treatment of diarrhoea, intestinal disorders, stomach upsets, irritable bowel syndrome and liver disorders, it is also applied externally as a wash to haemorrhoids, vaginal discharges etc and to treat various skin afflictions - it was believed to have removed spots, freckles and eruptions from the face. The root is best harvested in the spring, since at this time it is most fragrant. Much of the fragrance can be lost on drying, so the root should be dried with great care then stored in a cool dry place in an airtight container, being sliced and powdered only when required for use.

Mountain Avens: Dryas octopetala
The entire plant, harvested just before or at flowering time is astringent and digestive. An infusion is used as a stomach tonic, and also as a gargle for treating gingivitis and other disorders of the mouth and throat

Water Avens Geum rivale
Very similar to Wood Avens, the root is anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic. An infusion is taken internally in the treatment of diarrhoea (and is suitable for children to use), intestinal and stomach complaints, liver disorders etc, it is also applied externally as a wash to various skin afflictions - it is said to remove spots, freckles and eruptions from the face. This plant has similar properties but is less active than the related G. urbanum and so is seldom used medicinally. The root is best harvested in the spring, since at this time it is most fragrant. Much of the fragrance can be lost on drying, so the root should be dried with great care then stored in a cool dry place in an airtight container, being sliced and powdered only when required for use. The root is rich in tannin and is a powerful astringent.

Azadirachta Melia Azadirachta
This tree is found in the Western Himalayas of India, and in Iran. It is cultivated in other parts of India and the tropical regions of the world such as Indonesia, Australia, and West Africa. It is considered to be a vary valuable herb in Ayurvedic medicine and for a variety of folk applications. Anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, Azadirachta has been proven effective against serious skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, acne, dermatitis, herpes, shingles and many more. Azadirachta has been shown to regulate the immune system, lower blood sugars, reduce fevers, fight gum disease, and act as a tonic for the heart. Despised by over 200 species of insects it is a safe and effective insecticide and bug repellent which is harmless to humans. It is called Neem in the Middle East and India.

Bael Aegle Marmelos
This plant is known in India as Bel. Bel is an important non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. The forests of all parts particularly the dense forests of southern part of Chhattisgarh are rich in natural population of Bel. As non-wood forest produce, all parts of Bel is collected and supplied to the traders at national and international drug markets. There is a fairly high demand of Bel fruits. Bel is an essential herb in home gardens. It is not under cultivation at commercial level as horticultural crop. Dhamtari, a city situated 70. kms. far from Raipur, is famous market for naturally collected Bel herb. During season, several truckloads of different parts of Bel herb are supplied to traders at Kolkata city every week. The traders at national and international drug markets are well aware of natural occurrence of Bel in Chhattisgarh. For the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh, Bel is a valuable herb. They use the Bel in different worship ceremonies as offering. The natives prefer to plant at least one Bel tree in their homes because of a common belief that the presence of this tree in home gardens make them prosperous and healthy for ever. This tree is also believed to root out the bad effects of other herbs in home gardens, . In ancient Indian literatures it is mentioned that one should offer the Bel leaves to the Lord Sun (Surya Devta) to make him happy. It is also mentioned that the Lord Sun likes the flowers of Kaner (Nerium sp.) but one Bel leaf has more potential than a thousand Kaner flowers. The natives are aware of this information. If having financial problems, the natives, perform special worship. As a part of this special worship, the Bel leaves are offered to a fire, while reciting mantras.
The fresh ripe pulp of the higher quality cultivars, and the "sherbet" made from it, are taken for their mild laxative, tonic and digestive effects.


BALM (Melissa Officinalis) Also known as: Lemon Balm, Sweet Melissa
Indigenous to: Varies
Common uses: Food, external poltice for irritations, mosquito repellent, aromatherapy, cramps. Lemon Balm has been cultivated in the Mediterranean region for more than 2,000 years. The Muslim herbalist Avicenna recommended lemon balm for heart problems. Its main action is as a tranquilizer. It calms nervous spasms, colics and heart spasms. The hot tea promotes sweat that that is good for colds, flus and fevers. Its sedative actions have been used to help in the treatment of psychiatric problems, including dystonia. Lemon's balm anti-histamine action is useful to treat eczema and headaches. Today, this sweet-smelling herb is still widely valued for its calming properties, and new research shows that it can help significantly in the treatment of cold sores.

Banana: Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca
Bananas, Plantains, and the various Musa family members are basically two distinct species, and hybrids. Ernest Cheesman thought that Musa paradisiaca was derived entirely from Musa acuminata and that Musa sapientum was a hybrid between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. When it was later realised that Musa paradisiaca was also a hybrid between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, Musa x paradisiaca was sometimes used to emphasize the fact.
Banana powder treatment not only strengthens mucosal resistance against ulcerogens but also promotes healing by inducing cellular proliferation. Banana powder increases mucosal thickness and also increases [3H]thymidine incorporation into mucosal DNA. The 'edible' banana contains Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Ascorbic acid, Niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, Beta Carotene, Iron, Phosphorus, calcium, Cargohydrstes, Protein, a small amount of fat, and fiber. All parts of the banana plant have medicinal applications in folklore: the flowers in bronchitis and dysentery and on ulcers; cooked flowers are given to diabetics; the astringent plant sap in cases of hysteria, epilepsy, leprosy, fevers, hemorrhages, acute dysentery and diarrhea, and it is applied on hemorrhoids, insect and other stings and bites; young leaves are placed as poultices on burns and other skin afflictions; the astringent ashes of the unripe peel and of the leaves are taken in dysentery and diarrhea and used for treating malignant ulcers; the roots are administered in digestive disorders, dysentery and other ailments; banana seed mucilage is given in cases of catarrh and diarrhea in India. Pounded banana peels used in many Pacific cultures as
a wound “bandage” have been found recently to contain antibiotic properties.
The antifungal and antibiotic principles found in the peel and pulp of fully ripe bananas act against Mycobacteria. while a fungicide in the peel and pulp of green fruits is active against a fungus disease of tomato plants. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are also present in the ripe peel and pulp. The first two elevate blood pressure; serotonin inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the smooth muscle of the intestines.
Alleged hallucinogenic effects of the smoke of burning banana peel have been investigated scientifically and have not been confirmed. However the Anarchist's cookbook has a recipe for concentrating the bananadine and getting "high".
Banana Peel contains a biliruben like compound which may account for this, since biliruben can cause brain damage in infants.
Musa balbisiana Colla. This seedy-fruited, scarcely edible species from India and southeast Asia has been used as a parent in several cultivars, due to its disease resistance, drought tolerance, and general hardiness to environmental factors. Its natural range does not overlap that of M. acuminata, but human dispersal allowed the two species to hybridize naturally thousands of years ago. Sterility in hybrids made the fruit seedless and therefore palatable. The fruit exhibit a slower conversion of starch to sugars at maturity; plantain cultivars generally have some parentage from this species

BEARBERRY Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi
The active medicinal compound in Arctostaphylos uva ursi is the Hydroquinone glycoside, Arbutin. The leaves of the bearberry have both external and internal uses. Used internally, it has been used to reduce the accumulation of uric acid and relieve pain of bladder stones and cystitis. The tea or tincture can be used in treating bed wetting as well. Bearberry has been reported to be effective against E. coli. For external use, it has been used as an astringent wash for cuts and scrapes. The astringent or 'drying' action is responsible for much of it's reputation. Due to its high tannin content it is not recomended for long term use and can cause cramps. Pregnant or lactating women should avoid this herb.

COMMON BARBERRY Berberis vulgaris
A homeopathic herb, berberis contains alkaloids of the isoquinoline type, mainly berberine, berbamine and derivatives, berberrubine, bervulcine, columbamine, isotetrandrine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, oxycanthine and vulvracine. It also contains chelidonic acid, resin and tannin. Has been prescribed as Cholagogue, hepatic, anti-emetic, bitter and laxative.

Basil: Ocimum basilicum
Basil is rich in estragole, which is a potent carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. Rodent studies show that these events are minimal in the dose range of 1-10 mg/kg body weight, which is approximately 100-1000 times the anticipated human exposure to this substance. Thus, in normal usage, the herb is innocuous. Uses of the plant are the same as for Bush Basil.
Bush Basil: Ocimum minimum
Bush basil has a milder action than sweet basil and is used mainly in the treatment of flatulence and griping pain in the digestive system. The leaves and flowering tops are antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, galactogogue, stomachic and tonic. They are taken internally in the treatment of feverish illnesses, poor digestion, nausea, abdominal cramps, gastro-enteritis, migraine, insomnia, depression and exhaustion. Externally, they are used to treat acne, loss of smell, insect stings, snake bites and skin infections. The seed is said to remove film and opacity from the eyes. Extracts from the plant are bactericidal and are also effective against internal parasites. The seeds are said to be a cure for warts. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy.

BAYBERRY Myrica cerifera
Prior to the American Revolution, Bayberry was used medicinally only in the South, where the Choctaw Indians boiled the leaves and drank the decoction as a treatment for fever. Later, Louisiana settlers adopted the plant and drank bayberry wax in hot water for the most violent cases of dysentery. During the early 19th century, Bayberry Root was popularized by Samuel A. Thomson, a New England herbalist. Thomson recommended Bayberry Root for colds, flu, and other infectious diseases in addition to diarrhea and fever. The wax from the berries was once collected to make candles, cosmetics and soap. The dried berries are put in broth and used as spices. The berries are also used in Bay Rum, aftershave and some hair tonics. The extract of this herb attracts male Mediterranean fruit flies, which may be important as a natural pest control. The leaves are infused like tea, especially in China, as a stomachic and cordial. Bayberry stimulates lymphatic drainage and encourages the healing of mucus membranes. The primary chemical constituents of Bayberry include essential oils, triterpenes (taraxerol, taraxaxerone, myricadol), flavonoids (myricitrin), phenols, starch, myrica wax (palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid) lignin, albumen, gum, tannins, and gallic acid.

BARLEY (Hordeun Vulgare)
Indigenous to: Europe, North Africa
Common uses: Food, anti-itch.
Barley grain is an excellent food for convalescence, either in the form of porridge or as a decoction of the seed. It is soothing to the throat and provides easily assimilated nutrients. It can also be taken to clear catarrh. Its demulcent properties soothes inflammation of the intestines and urinary tract. It is commonly given to children suffering minor infections or diarrhoea and is particularly recommended as a treatment for feverish states and in catarrhal affections of the respiratory and urinary organs. Made into a poultice, the seed is an effective remedy for soothing and reducing inflammation in sores and swellings. Modern research has shown that barley may be of aid in the treatment of hepatitis, whilst other trials have shown that it may help to control diabetes. Barley bran may have the effect of lowering blood cholesterol levels and preventing bowel cancer. Barley Malt is used in making Malt Vinegar, and as Malt extract. (not to mention alcoholic beverages)
Beet, Garden Beta vulgaris:
this group contains Sugar Beets, Swiss Chard and Beet Root, all of which are reputed to be edible. I personally don't eat beets, not because they aren't healthy and rich in nutrients, (which they are) but because I don't care for the taste. Also the Mangel-wurzel another variety of the same basic plant, was developed in the 1700's for feeding livestock. A good use for the herb generally, to my way ot thinking. In ancient times beet juice was said to be good for the Liver. While Sugar Beets provide a large percentage of the world's sugar, I find that more 'beet sugar' is required for the same amount of 'sweetness' as Cane Sugar.

BENZOIN: Styrax benzoin
A tree native to Sumatra and Java
Gum benjamin or gum benzoin is a wound-response resin produced by the Sumatran snowbell (Styrax benzoin Dryander) 'Flowers of benjamin' or benzoic acid, a fine white powder, was first described in 1608 by Blaise de Vigenere (of cipher fame) from the dry distillation of gum benzoin. The gum also contains varying amounts of vanillin (its fragrance) and cinnamic acid. Benzoic acid, an aromatic carboxylic acid, provides most of gum benzoin's antifungal and antibacterial properties and protects damaged trees from decay. Benzoin is an ingredient of Friar's Balsam which is widely used. It may be applied topically to wounds and ulcers to protect and disinfect the skin. It can also be used in the form of Compound Tincture of Benzoin as an inhalation for coughs, colds and bronchitis. It acts as a carminative when taken internally and is rapidly absorbed. It is also mildly expectorant, diuretic and antiseptic to the urinary passages.

Bergamot: Monarda didyma Aka Oswego Tea
Bergamot has therapeutic properties and the reported benefits of using it , in the form of a herbal tea, (infusion) are listed as follows: nausea, digestive problems and upsets, vomiting, colds and flu, coughing, antiseptic and decongestant, nasal congestion, tight chest, clearing sinuses and drying up mucus. A related Plant,
Oswego Tea, also called Monarda, Bee Balm, Blue Balm, High Balm, Low Balm, Mountain Balm, and Mountain Mint, is a perennial found in moist soils from Georgia and Tennessee northward and as far west as Michigan and Ontario; it is also cultivated in gardens. Oswego tea has been used effectively as a carminative, rubefacient, and stimulant and has been used as a stomach preparation, to relieve nausea, vomiting, and flatulence. Bergamot is present as the aromatic flavour in "Earl Grey Tea".

BETHROOT: Trillium pendulum Native American - Birthroot
Birthroot is said to be used for coughs, bronchial problems, hemorrhage from the lungs, pulmonary consumption, and, especially when boiled in milk, for diarrhea. It is also used, both internally and externally, for female problems. For insect bites and stings, a poultice or a salve is used. American Indians used it as an aid in childbirth.

Betony, Wood Stachys Betonica or Betonica officinalis
The leaves and flowering tops make a good tea substitute. Wood betony was at one time commonly used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, especially as a nervine and tonic for treating maladies of the head and as an external application to wounds. It also stimulates the digestive system and the liver, having an overall tonic effect upon the body. Wood betony is much less used nowadays, and more often forms part of a mixture of herbs. The whole plant is collected when in flower in the summer and can be dried for later use. It is anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, mildly cathartic, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, mildly emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, sedative, sternutatory, tonic and vulnerary. It is taken in the treatment of 'frayed nerves', pre-menstrual complaints, poor memory and tension. It can be taken in combination with herbs such as comfrey, Symphytum officinale, and lime flowers, Tilia species, to treat sinus headaches and congestion. Wood betony can be taken on its own, or with yarrow, Achillea millefolium, to staunch nosebleeds. A pinch of the powdered herb will provoke violent sneezing and it has been used as part of a herbal snuff mixture in the treatment of headaches. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh plant. It is used in the treatment of asthma and excessive perspiration.

BILBERRY: Vaccinium myrtillus
Bilberry is the world's most famous herb for supporting healthy vision. World War II fighter pilots are said to have been given Bilberry jam prior to flying in low-light conditions. A natural pigment in Bilberry Fruit contains potent, eye-friendly antioxidants called anthocyanidins. They protect delicate eye tissues while other nutrients nourish the parts of your eye necessary for clear vision & light adjustment. In vitro studies suggest bilberry has anticancer activities. Coumarins present in bilberry may interact with platelets and have an additive effect with blood thinners. Bilberry has no known adverse effects and makes excellent preserves.
BINDWEED: Convolvulus various species.
A purge or cathartic the degree varying with species. An irritant which should not be combined with other herbal treatments except to reduce the action or disguise the taste.

Birch, Common: Betula alba
Birch Bark acts as an effective remedy for cystitis and other infections of the urinary system, as well as removing excess water from the body. Perhaps because of this cleansing diuretic activity, the plant has been used for gout, rheumatism and mild arthritic pain. The bark will ease muscle pain if it is applied externally, putting the fresh, wet internal side of the bark against the skin.
SILVER BIRCH is thought to be Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue and diaphoretic. The bark is diuretic and laxative. An oil obtained from the inner bark is astringent and is used in the treatment of various skin afflictions, especially eczema and psoriasis. The inner bark is bitter and astringent, it is used in treating intermittent fevers. The vernal sap is diuretic. The buds are balsamic. The young shoots and leaves secrete a resinous substance which has acid properties, when combined with alkalis it is a tonic laxative. The leaves are anticholesterolemic and diuretic. They also contain phytosides, which are effective germicides. An infusion of the leaves is used in the treatment of gout, dropsy and rheumatism, and is recommended as a reliable solvent of kidney stones. The young leaves and leaf buds are harvested in the spring and dried for later use. A decoction of the leaves and bark is used for bathing skin eruptions. Moxa is made from the yellow fungous excrescences of the wood, which sometimes swell out of the fissures. Moxa is the combustible substance used in acupuncture. Mugwort is also used.

BIRTHWORT: Aristolochia longa
All species of Aristolochia are prohibited for supply, sale or use in therapeutic goods in
Australia under the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP).
Some Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbal products are known to contain, or suspected to contain, Aristolochia species. These species of herbs, and a small number of other herbs, may contain aristolochic acids which are associated with severe kidney damage and urinary tract
cancer. While decoctions of birthwort stimulate the production of white corpuscles and increase their activity, and birthwort contains a disinfectant which drains off fluid from the wound, aristolochic acid is a poison and can easily kill.

Bistort: Polygonum Bistorta Dragonwort
Not only is this herb an excellent treatment for wounded Dragons,
Bistort is one of the strongest herb astringents. It is excellent for gargles, injections, and for the treatment of cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, and leukorrhea.(Whitish mucousy vaginal discharge, common during pregnancy.) When directly applied to a wound, the powder will stop the bleeding.
Combines with equal parts of raspberries, it makes a good wash for the nose. It was traditionally used as a remedy for smallpox, measles, pimples, jaundice, ruptures, insect stings, snake bites, and for expelling worms.
Combined with plantain, it was once used for gonorrhea and as a douche to regulate the menstrual flow.

BLACKROOT Leptandra Virginica Excellent laxative but strong.

Bladderwrack: Fucus vesiculosus
a type of seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A common food in Japan, it is used as an additive and flavoring in various food products in Europe. Bladder Wrack is commonly found as a component of Kelp tablets or powders used as nutritional supplements. It is sometimes loosely called Kelp, but that term technically refers to a different seaweed. Primary chemical constituents of this plant include mucilage, algin, mannitol, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, iodine, bromine, potassium, volatile oils, and many other minerals. The main use of Sea Wrack (and other types of seaweed) in herbal medicine is as a source of iodine, an essential nutrient for the thyroid gland. Sea Wrack has proved most useful in the treatment of underactive thyroid glands (hypothyroidism) and goiter.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the herb is usefule in weight loss, rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, although there is no research to substantiate these claims.

BLITES: Suoeda, (fruticosa,Sea-Blite)
An edible plant high in Potassium. he leaves are used as a poultice and can be used in water as an emetic.
Strawberry blite: Chenopodium capitatum
Not actually related to the Sea Blite, the leaves and seeds of all members of this genus are more or less edible. while they do contain oxalic acid, and saponins, these compounds are broken down by cooking. The plant has been used as a lotion for treating black eyes and head bruises and the juice has been used for congestion.

Blue Bell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) :The bulb (and the whole plant) is poisonous.The bulb has diuretic and styptic properties

Bogbean - Menyanthes trifoliata
once used in the treatment of jaundice, used by practitioners of herbal medicine to treat various rheumatoid conditions, boiled as a medicine for constipation and previously widespread, bogbean is found in only eleven locations across the Lothians. It is now only occasionally found in marshy areas in the Edinburgh area, most notably at Duddingston Loch. In Myth/Lore The use of bogbean to explore the myths of Robin Goodfellow and Puck is something which has merit, but is yet to be explored in modern times. Bogbean could be incorporated into ritual work to better understand the first aspect of the Horned God. Tonic, cathartic, deobstruent and febrifuge. An extract is made from the leaves, which possesses strong tonic properties, and which renders great service in rheumatism, scurvy, and skin diseases.

Boldo Peumus boldus
Indigenous uses of boldo have been widely documented. Legend has it that the medicinal uses of the plant were discovered by chance: a Chilean shepherd noticed that his sheep were healthier, and had fewer liver problems, when they grazed on native boldo plants growing in his fields. Since this discovery the plant has been used by the indigenous peoples of Chile for liver, bowel, and gallbladder troubles. It is also widely used in Chilean folk medicine to expel intestinal worms, for insomnia, rheumatism, cystitis, colds, hepatitis, constipation, flatulence, poor digestion, gallstones, earaches, and it is considered a general tonic. For many years the fruit has been eaten as a spice, the wood has been used for charcoal, and the bark has been used in tanning hides. In parts of Peru boldo leaves are used by indigenous tribes against liver diseases, to treat gallstones, and as a diuretic.
Boldo's uses in other traditional medicine systems are well documented. Worldwide, the plant is used in homeopathy and herbal medicine in the treatment of digestive disorders, as a laxative, a diuretic, for liver problems and to increase the production of bile in the gallbladder. The leaves are used against intestinal worms, and botanist Dr. James Duke reports its traditional use for urogenital inflammations, gonorrhea, syphilis, gout, jaundice, dyspepsia, rheumatism, head colds, and earaches. In Brazilian herbal medicine systems, boldo is used for a variety of disorders including hepatitis, liver congestion, constipation, flatulence, dizziness, stomach and intestinal cramps and pain, gallstones, insomnia, rheumatism, and a lack of appetite. Throughout the rest of South America, boldo is used for gonorrhea, as well as for liver, gallbladder, and digestive complaints.
Boldo is the subject of a German therapeutic monograph that allows the use (as an herbal drug) for mild gastrointestinal spasms and dyspeptic disorders. In Germany, it is employed for liver and gallbladder complaints, gastric disorders, and to stimulate gastric secretions (especially bile production and secretion in the gallbladder and liver). It is also used for loss of appetite and as an antispasmodic. It is used for similar purposes in other countries throughout Europe. In American herbal medicine systems, boldo is used to stimulate the secretion of saliva, bile flow and liver activity; it's chiefly valued as a remedy for gallstones, liver problems, and gallbladder pain.Chemically At least 17 alkaloids have been documented thus far, several of which are believed to be boldo's main active constituents. Much of the biological activity of the plant has been attributed to a single alkaloid called boldine.
In various studies over the years boldine has shown to protect the liver, to stimulate the production of bile in the liver, as well as to stimulate digestion, increase the secretion of gastric juices and stimulate the production of bile and its secretion from the gallbladder. In other laboratory tests, boldine has demonstrated diuretic, fever reducing, and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the ability to reduce excess uric acid. In animal studies, boldine exhibited anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities, as well as the ability to protect against colon damage and inflammation in induced colitis and colon inflammation in animals. Other research on boldine indicates that it has a strong cellular protective and antioxidant effect in the blood and can normalize sticky blood (inhibits platelet aggregation). Recently, in 2002, boldine was reported to have an effect on the cardiovascular system as well. Researchers found that it increased coronary blood flow, depressed cardiac force and heart rate, and had a vasorelaxant effect.
Toxicity studies show that boldo should not be consumed regularly or in high dosages, and it should be respected for its very active qualities. The essential oil of the plant contains a compound called asaridole. Asaridole has antiparasitic and worm- expelling properties, but it is also a documented liver toxin. Therefore, distilled essential oil products of boldo should only be used externally. In addition, boldine has been reported to have toxic effects in high dosages. In large quantities (higher than it occurs in traditional dosages of the natural leaf), it causes cramps, convulsions, and muscle paralysis, eventually leading to respiratory paralysis.

BONESET Eupatorium perfoliatum
Boneset is one of the most popular domestic medicines in North America, where it is used in the treatment of influenza, colds, acute bronchitis, catarrh and skin diseases]. It has been shown to stimulate resistance to viral and bacterial infections, and reduces fevers by encouraging sweating. The plant, however, should be used with some caution since large doses are laxative and emetic and the plant might contain potentially liver-harming pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The leaves and flowering stems are antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, stimulant, vasodilator. A hot infusion of the dried leaves and flowers is used as a very effective treatment to bring relief to symptoms of the common cold and other similar feverishness - it loosens phlegm and promotes its removal through coughing. This herb is practically unequalled in its effectiveness against colds. It is also used in the treatment of rheumatic illness, skin conditions and worms. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh plant, harvested when it first comes into flower. It is used in the treatment of illnesses such as flu and fever.

Borage Borago officinalis
Borage and evening primrose are grown and processed (in Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, respectively) for oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The interest in this specialty oil has increased since research during the past decade has indicated that GLA may play an important role in the etiology of numerous diseases. GLA and its metabolites are effective in the suppression of inflammation, in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, atopic eczema, and certain cancers such as malignant human brain glioma.
Several clinical studies have shown that evening primrose oil (EPO) is rich in the most biologically active triacylglycerol form of GLA. EPO is effective in the treatment of numerous pathological conditions such as age-related diseases, alcoholism, atopic eczema, diabetes, hyperactivity, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal, gynecological, neurological, and immunological disorders.
---History---In the early part of the nineteenth century, the young tops of Borage were still sometimes boiled as a pot-herb, and the young leaves were formerly considered good in salads.
The fresh herb has a cucumber-like fragrance. When steeped in water, it imparts a coolness to it and a faint cucumber flavour, and compounded with lemon and sugar in wine, and water, it makes a refreshing and restorative summer drink. It was formerly always an ingredient in cool tankards of wine and cider, and is still largely used in claret cup.
Our great grandmothers preserved the flowers and candied them.
Borage was sometimes called Bugloss by the old herbalists, a name that properly belongs to Anchusa officinalis, the Alkanet, the Small Bugloss being Lycopsis arvensis, and Viper's Bugloss being the popular name for Echium vulgare.
Some authorities consider that the Latin name Borago, from which our popular name is taken, is a corruption of corago, from cor, the heart, and ago, I bring, because of its cordial effect.
In all the countries bordering the Mediterranean, where it is plentiful, it is spelt with a double 'r,' so the word may be derived from the Italian borra, French bourra, signifying hair or wool, words which in their turn are derived from the Low Latin burra, a flock of wool, in reference to the thick covering of short hairs which clothes the whole plant.
Henslow suggests that the name is derived from barrach, a Celtic word meaning 'a man of courage.'
Gerard says:
'Pliny calls it Euphrosinum, because it maketh a man merry and joyfull: which thing also the old verse concerning Borage doth testifie:
Ego Borago - (I, Borage)
Gaudia semper ago. - (Bring alwaies courage.)
Those of our time do use the flowers in sallads to exhilerate and make the mind glad. There be also many things made of these used everywhere for the comfort of the heart, for the driving away of sorrow and increasing the joy of the minde. The leaves and floures of Borage put into wine make men and women glad and merry and drive away all sadnesse, dulnesse and melancholy, as Dios corides and Pliny affirme. Syrup made of the floures of Borage comforteth the heart, purgeth melancholy and quieteth the phrenticke and lunaticke person. The leaves eaten raw ingender good bloud, especially in those that have been lately sicke.'
According to Dioscorides and Pliny, Borage was the famous Nepenthe of Homer, which when drunk steeped in wine, brought absolute forgetfulness.
John Evelyn, writing at the close of the seventeenth century tells us: 'Sprigs of Borage are of known virtue to revive the hypochrondriac and cheer the hard student.'
Parkinson commends it 'to expel pensiveness and melanchollie.' Bacon says that it 'hath an excellent spirit to repress the fuliginous vapour of dusky melancholie.' Culpepper finds the plant useful in putrid and pestilential fever, the venom of serpents, jaundice, consumption, sore throat, and rheumatism.'
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Diuretic, demulcent, emollient. Borage was much used in France for fevers and pulmonary complaints. By virtue of its saline constituents, it promotes the activity of the kidneys and for this reason was employed to carry off feverish catarrhs. Its demulcent qualities are due to the mucilage contained in the whole plant.
BOX Buxus sempervirens
All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the leaves and bark.
Although it has been used medicinally in the past as a sedative and to treat syphilis, box is very rarely used in modern herbalism. The leaves and the bark are alterative, antirheumatic, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge, oxytocic and vermifuge. The leaves have been used as a quinine substitute in the treatment of malaria. The leaves are harvested in the spring, before the plant comes into flower, and they are dried for later use. The bark can be harvested at any time of the year and is dried for use in decoctions. Use this remedy with caution and preferably only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The plant has not been fully tested for its toxic side effects. The wood is diaphoretic, in full dose it is narcotic and sedative, in overdose it is convulsant and emetico-cathartic. A tincture of the wood has been used as a bitter tonic and antiperiodic, it has also had a reputation for curing leprosy. A volatile oil distilled from the wood has been prescribed in cases of epilepsy. An essential oil obtained from the plant is used in dentistry. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is extensively used in the treatment of rheumatism.

BROOM CORN: Sorghum: Sorghum bicolor
The immature plant is poisonous, especially if slightly wilted, since it can contain the toxins hydrogen cyanide and the alkaloid hordenine. These substances are destroyed if the plant is dried or made into silage. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and death.
Mature edible uses: Seed - raw or cooked. It is used as a whole grain in similar ways to rice or can be ground into a flour and made into bread etc. The ground seed yields a particularly white flour. Sorghum is a staple food in some regions, often fermented before being eaten. The sprouted seed can be eaten raw, and is sometimes added to salads. Sap - raw or cooked. Very sweet, it is made into a syrup, ( Sorghum molasses is made from sorghum cane). Stems - cooked with caution, as with the leaves.
The decoction of the seed is demulcent and diuretic. It is used in the treatment of kidney and urinary complaints. The inflorescence is astringent and haemostatic.
Rumor has it that some of the best Brooms are made with Sorghum.

Bugloss, Viper's Echium vulgare
Antitussive; Aphrodisiac; Demulcent; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Emollient; Pectoral; Vulnerary. The leaves are poisonous in quantity, but edible in small amounts.
Only a person skilled in herbal lore should use this plant.

Burdock Burdock refers to any of a group of biennial thistles in the genus Arctium, family Asteraceae.
The roots of burdock, among other plants, are eaten by the larva of the Ghost Moth. The taproot of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a root vegetable. While generally out of favor in modern European cuisine, it remains popular in Asia, particularly in Japan where A. lappa is called gobo.
"Dandelion and Burdock" is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom, and authentic recipes are sold by health food shops, but it is not clear whether the cheaper supermarket versions actually contain either plant. Burdock is believed to be a galactagogue, a substance that increases lactation.
Folk herbalists consider dried burdock to be a diuretic, diaphoretic, and a blood purifying agent. The seeds of A. lappa are used in traditional Chinese medicine, under the name niupangzi. Burdock has been a favorite medicinal herb for centuries and is used for many ailments. Burdock root oil extract, also called Bur oil, is popular in Europe.

Butternut - Juglans cinerea
Natural Laxitive and will remove tapeworms.

Cacao: Theobroma cacao Chocolate Tree
This plant contains flavanols that lower blood pressure. It is proven to be a mood-inhancing substance, and has properties that are not fully investigated. Called the Fruit of the Gods, cacao contains both theobromine and caffeine, which are stimulants. Chocolate, perhaps the world's favorite confection, contains chemicals like those found in Red Wine, Grape Seed, and Green Tea that can help improve blood circulation, cut blood pressure, and provide numerous other health benefits. Recent studies now confirm that flavonoids, such as those in Cocoa, support heart health by decreasing oxidation of LDL cholesterol, decrease the body's inflammatory immune responses, improve the ability of arteries to dilate, and inhibits that aggregation of platelets in the bloodstream. And Cocoa is one of the richest flavonoid-contained foods currently available. The principal flavonoids found, epicatechin and catechin, are believed to be responsible for the health benefit. In fact, Cocoa is also believed to surpass both Green Tea and Garlic as a protective antioxidant food.


CALENDULA (Calendula Officinalis) Also known as: Garden Marigold
Indigenous to: Europe
Common uses: Marigold is one of the best herbs for treating local skin problems. Infusions or decoctions of Calendula petals decrease the inflammation of sprains, stings, varicose,veins and other swellings and also soothes burns, sunburns, rashes and skin irritations. These remedies are excellent for inflamed and bruised skin, their antiseptic and healing properties helping to prevent the spread of infection and accelerate the healing. Marigold is also a cleansing and detoxifying herb, and the infusion and tincture have been used to treat chronic infections. Taken internally, it has been used traditionally to promote the draining of swollen lymph glands such as tonsillitis and it has strong anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties making it an effective liver tonic, improving overall systemic functioning and aiding in the removal of toxins from the body

Calamint: calamintha officinalis
A mint-scented perennial of central and southern Europe, calamint is similar in action to other mints, such as Spearmint and Wintergreen, being used primarily for mild stomach upset and flatulence. In the past, Calamint was used as a brain tonic, to cure jaundice and cholera, and to expel worms. Calamint was also used to help regulate menstrual cycles and as a mild diuretic. Calamint has been used as a tea and after either a single dose or daily oral administration for 15 days, plasma blood glucose concentrations and basal insulin levels are affected. Test results clearly demonstrate the hypoglycaemic effect of this plant extract . In addition, no changes were observed in basal plasma insulin concentrations after treatment with this plant , indicating that the underlying mechanism of the plant*s pharmacological action seems to be independent of insulin secretion. This demonstrates that the aqueous C. officinalis extract exhibits a significant hypoglycaemic effect without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations.

CAMPHOR laurel (Cinnamonum camphora),
Allthough the oil extracted from tree is much valued by the Chinese for medicinal preparations, the penetrating, fragrant odour is a well known preventative of moths and other insects such as woodworm. Indeed natural history cabinets for entomologists are made from the wood. Oil actions are listed as anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, bacterial, counter-irritant, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, stimulant, and vermifuge. Very aromatic, camphor is a white transparent waxy crystalline solid with a strong penetrating pungent aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin and produces a feeling of cooling similar to that of menthol and acts as slight local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. Administered orally in small quantities (50 mg) for minor heart symptoms and fatigue, Camphor is also used as a flavoring in sweets in India and Europe. It is thought that camphor was used as a flavouring in confections resembling ice cream in China during the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907). It is currently a controlled substance due to its potential as a poison.

CARAWAY: Carum Carvi
Useful for Stomach upset, Caraway may be brewed into a tea excellent for coughs and colds. For centuries, midwives have used Caraway to stimulate the production of breast milk in nursing mothers and to ease colic in infants.
Caraway is said to contain the alleged 'psychotroph' myristicine (3-methoxy,4,5-methylendioxy-allylbenzene) which has been shown to produce hallucinations. If so the amount must be small. Myristicine is one of the active agents in nutmeg, but has VERY unpleasant side effects.

CAMOMILE or CHAMOMILE (Anthemis Nobilis) Also known as: Roman Chamomile, Garden Chamomile.
Indigenous to: Europe
Common uses of: Calming, Muscle relaxant, appetite stimulator, Chamomile grows wild in Europe and west Asia. Related species are found in North America and Africa. Its flowers help to ease indigestion, nervousness, depressions and headaches, being ideal for emotion related problems such as peptic ulcers, colitis, spastic colon and nervous indigestion. Chamomile's essential oil have anti-inflammatory,anti-spasmodic and anti-microbial activity. It is an excellent herb for many digestive disorders and for nervous tension and irritability. Externally, it is used for sore skin and eczema. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a close relation, used in a similar way.
Matricaria recutita, also known as German Chamomile, is a medicinal herb which has been used by European naturopaths for centuries. Its anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic and calming properties make it an extremely effective treatment for digestive disorders.

Cancer Bush Sutherlandia frutescens
a medicinal herb exclusively found in Southern Africa which has been used by indigenous people for thousands of years to treat chronic and acute digestive complaints, internal cancers and as a powerful tonic. Recent research has confirmed its adaptogenic properties. Sutherlandia contains a number of highly active compounds, including pinitol, L-canavanine and the amino acid, GABA. L-canavanine is a strong L-argine antagonist that has documented anti-cancer and anti-viral activity.

Canabis: cannabis Sativa and/or Cannibis Indica
From: The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., 1922.
Specific Indications(for Cannabis Sativa).-Marked nervous depression; irritation of the genito-urinary tract; burning, frequent micturition; painful micturition, with tenesmus; scalding urine; ardor urinae; wakefulness in fevers; insomnia, with brief periods of sleep, disturbed by unpleasant dreams; spasmodic and painful conditions, with depression; mental illusions; hallucinations; cerebral anemia from spasm of cerebral vessels; palpitation of the heart, with sharp, stitching pain; and menstrual headache, with great nervous depression.
From: The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy.
by Finley Ellingwood, M.D., 1919.
"Physiological Action-Cannabis indica is narcotic. Bartholow classed it as a cerebral excitant. In some persons the drug causes excitement tending to acts of violence and crime; in others it excites merriment, or a maudlin state. In general it produces hallucination, perverts the natural perception of objects, intensifies the perception of sound, dilates the pupils, abolishes pain, and, in poisonous doses, causes spasms, convulsions, collapse, pale, clammy, insensible skin, extreme debility, feeble pulse, and finally paralysis of respiration. The habitual use of the drug causes bloating of the face, weak, tremulous limbs, injected eyes, imbecility, and ultimately death from marasmus.
Those who use cannabis regularly, believe that in medicinal doses it is not poisonous. It can be safely given in full doses, the tincture in from ten to twenty minims, and the solid extract in from one-half to two grains. It seen to be a true sedative to the stomach with few undesirable influences. Its best effects are secured when given in conjunction with alkalies in full doses or with mild aperients.
Therapy-Cannabis Indica is sedative, narcotic, anodyne and, to a limited degree, anti-spasmodic. It acts upon disturbed function of the nervous system.
It is a remedy for disordered mental action.
It is a remedy for disorders of motility, involuntary, irregular, muscular movements, especially if of a distressing character.
It is a remedy to arrest or control pain, often acting advantageously in conjunction with other pain-quieting agents, intensifying, modifying or favorably influencing their action.
It is a remedy for excitable and irritable hyperaesthetic conditions of the genito-urinary organs, with increased functional activity and uterine disorders.
In many forms of urinary irritation, its action is prompt and satisfactory especially, Quincey says, where there are only a few drops passed frequently, constant unsatisfied desire, burning pain and vesical tenesmus.
In the wakefulness of old age, in the restlessness of nervous exhaustion, and in melancholia, it is an important remedy. It is useful in the treatment of neuralgia and hemicrania. It takes high rank in affections of the brain and nerves of the head, especially if nervous vertigo be present, and in those attacks of hemicrania which occur periodically, very distressing, causing delirium and much prostration. It is especially applicable in sub-acute inflammation of the brain, in delirium tremensfs!28 and in the hypochondria of the menopause.
This remedy has received a great deal of attention in its adaptability to cerebro-spinal meningitis, and with varying but encouraging results, especially in the earlier stages of irritation and congestion. It is useful also in hydrophobia, and in large doses it is sometimes palliative to the distressing symptoms. Minute doses will cure some cases of tinnitus aurium.
It is useful in the distress of Potts' disease and hip joint disease and in general rickets. In epilepsy, either alone or combined with the bromides, it has been given very extensively for several years.
Dr. Cook of Seattle suffered from nervous breakdown with extreme exhaustion; tremor on awakening in the morning, with active functional heart disturbance. He took five drops of specific cannabis three times a day on the tongue, followed by a sip of water. On extreme occasions, he would repeat the dose once in half an hour. Not only was the whole nervous excitability controlled, but the heart was restored to its normal action and the urinary irritability was overcome.
It is of much use in paralysis agitans, in relief of the lightning pains of locomotor ataxia, and especially in chorea and in general muscular tremblings. In chronic conditions accompanied by persistent pain, it ameliorates the pain.
In functional disorder of the stomach accompanied by pain, it is an excellent sedative, and in intestinal disorders it is equally applicable. It does not suppress secretions or disarrange the functional operations of the organs.
In aching and painful irritation, or in the passage of gravel, it is a most soothing remedy. It is beneficial here also in painful hematuria, whether from cancer or tuberculosis, from profound congestion or nephritis.
It is a soothing tonic to the uterine muscular structure, and in inertia and subinvolution it increases muscular power and energy and promotes contraction. It is useful in menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. It is a valuable sedative adjuvant to combine with the well known uterine tonics in general disorders of the pelvic organs amenable to medical treatment not of a surgical character, especially if the pains are of neuralgic or spasmodic character. It will allay abnormal sexual appetite, and will overcome the hysteria and emotional excitement which occur in some women at the menstrual period. In neuralgic dysmenorrhea it will occasionally cure patients who have been treated by other methods without results. There are few remedies that will excel it in this disorder, but the remedy must be given continuously, beginning before the expected paroxysm some little time and continued for a time after the paroxysm is relieved.
It is an excellent remedy in gonorrhea with sexual hyperaesthesia. Here its influence is prompt; it arrests chordee, priapism and spermatorrhea.
It controls violent erection and soothes the mental anxiety which aggravates the symptoms. It cures many irritable states of the bladder. It is curative in strangury and painful urination with burning and scalding. In spasmodic stricture, with gelsemium. or cimicifuga, it relieves quickly. It is a remedy for functional impotence.
It is soothing to irritable bronchial coughs and laryngeal spasm, and in coughs from tickling in the throat; also in whooping cough and in spasmodic coughs of whatever character. It is a common ingredient of cough syrups. "
Cannabis indica is a putative species of Cannabis, although not all botanists agree that it should be treated as separate from Cannabis sativa L. . Schultes described C. indica as relatively short, conical, and densely branched, whereas C. sativa was described as tall and laxly branched. According to Anderson, C. indica has short, broad leaflets whereas those of C. sativa are relatively long and narrow. Cannabis indica plants conforming to Schultes's and Anderson's descriptions may have originated from the Hindu-Kush mountain range. Due to the often harsh and variable climate of those parts, C. indica is well-suited for cultivation in temperate climates.
Wide-leafed Cannabis indica plants in Afghanistan and Pakistan are traditionally cultivated for the production of hashish. Pharmacologically, the wide-leafed "indica" landraces tend to have a higher cannabidiol (CBD) content than "sativa" drug strains . Although most commercially available "indica" strains have been selected for low levels of CBD (which is not psychoactive), some users report a less "cerebral" and more "stoning" effect from "indica" than from "sativa". Differences in the terpenoid content of the essential oil may account for some of these differences in effect. Common "indica" strains for 'recreational' use are 'White Widow' and 'Northern Lights'.
A recent genetic analysis included both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes" under C. indica, as well as southern and eastern Asian hemp (fiber/seed) landraces and wild Himalayan populations.
Much has been written and many studies made of this plant, but it remains controversial and its benefit, if any, uncertain. Reputed to be useful in treatment of Glaucoma, some homeopathic information suggests that the herb may have a plethora of other uses. Cannabis was first described for its therapeutic use in the first known Chinese pharmacopoeia, the Pen Ts'ao. (A pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal drugs, and their descriptions of preparation and use.) Cannabis was called a "superior" herb by the Emperor Shen-Nung (2737-2697 B.C.), who is believed to have authored the work. Cannabis was recommended as a treatment for numerous common ailments. Around that same period in Egypt, cannabis was used as a treatment for sore eyes. The herb was used in India in cultural and religious ceremonies, and recorded in Sanskrit scriptural texts around 1,400 B.C. Cannabis was considered a holy herb and was characterized as the "soother of grief," "the sky flyer," and "the poor man's heaven." Centuries later, around 700 B.C., the Assyrian people used the herb they called Qunnabu, for incense. The ancient Greeks used cannabis as a remedy to treat inflammation, earache, and edema (swelling of a body part due to collection of fluids). Shortly after 500 B.C. the historian and geographer Herodotus recorded that the peoples known as Scythians used cannabis to produce fine linens. They called the herb kannabis and inhaled the "intoxicating vapor" that resulted when it was burned. By the year 100 B.C. the Chinese were using cannabis to make paper.
Marijauna is considered a Class I narcotic and its use has been restricted by federal law since 1937. Penalties include fines and imprisonment. The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse concluded in 1972 that, "A careful search of the literature and testimony of the nation's health officials has not revealed a single human fatality in the United States proven to have resulted solely from ingestion of marihuana."
Research has shown that cannabis acts to increase heart frequency by as much as 40 beats per minute. A study reported by The American Heart Association in February 2000, concluded that smoking marijuana can precipitate a heart attack in persons with pre-existing heart conditions. One hour after smoking marijuana, the likelihood of having a heart attack is four and one-half times greater than if the person had not smoked, according to the research.
An additional health concern is the effect that marijuana smoking has on the lungs. Cannabis smoke carries more tars and other particulate matter than tobacco smoke.
Finally, any drug, even aspirin, carries the threat of death in its misuse. Marijuana is a very powerful drug, capable of causing fundimental changes to personality, cardiovascular system, possibly hormonal levels, perception of pain, perception of reality and the normal interaction with the probability matrix. As such, it should be used as a drug, for such conditions as require medical therapy and not for inhancing a date or a weekend. It is probably as dangerous as alcohol in that respect, and we all know how many persons die from alcohol related accidents annually. Insofar as the cultivation of Marijuana, there are many varieties and the following
Developed Strains:
Strains of cannibis Indica: Afghani, #1 Butterscotch, Hawaiian Early Girl, G-SUS, Kush, Lightstorm, Mango, Mazar, Newberry, Niggerolius, Northern Lights, #1 Nutcruncher, Oasis (NL), Manghani (A very resinous Mango x Afghan), Mongolian, Mother of Mercy
Strains of Cannibis Sativa: Apple Pie, Big Mother, Sativa Haze, Kali Mist. Silver Haze, Super Silver Haze, Silver Sage

Cardamom - Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
Common use of: Cardamom has been praised as a spice and medicine and used in ancient Egypt to make perfumes. It is an excellent remedy for many digestive problems, helping to soothe indigestion, dyspepsia, gastralgia, colon spasms and flatulence. It has an aromatic and pungent taste and combines well with other herbs and helps to disguise the less pleasant taste of other herbs.

CAROB: Ceratonia siliqua
A plant, whose taste resembles chocolate, having no psychoactive components also known as the Locust Bean. Noted chiefly as the standard in ancient times for the weight of diamonds, the bean is now only used for chocolate substitute and as a minor source of sugar. It was once used for its soothing properties, but there are better choices and as such it is currently seldom used.

CASHEW NUT: Anacardium occidentale
Cashew trees are indigenous to Brazil and their products include cashew nuts, cashew wine and brandy, an insecticide and a varnish. The Cashew nut itself is contained in a tough exterior covering that contains a poisonous oil. The stalk of the fruit (i.e. the pedicel) is enlarged into a pear-shaped red or yellow false fruit called the cashew apple which is attractive to seed dispersers such as bats and monkeys and can be made into wine/Brandy. The sap is insecticidal, and can be made into varnish. Commercially available cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid (CNSL) mainly contains the phenolic constituents anacardic acid, cardol, and cardanol. These phenolic constituents are themselves heterogeneous, and each of them contains saturated, monoene, diene, and trienes in the fifteen-carbon side chain.

Cassia: Cinnamomum cassia AKA Chinese Cinnamon
While similar to Ceylon cinnamon, cassia contains max. 4% essential oil, 75 to 90% of which are composed by cinnamic aldehyde. There are only traces of eugenol is, but significant amounts (7%) of coumarin; therefore, analysis of eugenol and coumarin discriminates between Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon. Trace components of cassia oil are benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, salicylic acid and the corresponding esters and aldehyde s. Cassia bark contains significantly more slime (11%) than Ceylon cinnamon bark.

Castor Bean Plant: Ricinus communis,
The seeds from the castor bean plant are poisonous to people, animals and insects. One of the main toxic proteins is "ricin", named by Stillmark in 1888 when he tested the beansí extract on red blood cells and saw them agglutinate. Now we know that the agglutination was due to another toxin that was also present, called RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin). Ricin is a potent cytotoxin but a weak hemagglutinin, whereas RCA is a weak cytotoxin and a powerful hemagglutinin.
Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin, not RCA, because RCA does not penetrate the intestinal wall, and does not affect red blood cells unless given intravenously. If RCA is injected into the blood, it will cause the red blood cells to agglutinate and burst by hemolysis.
Perhaps just one milligram of ricin can kill an adult.
Historically, Castor Oil was touted as one of the best laxitives in all of herbal medicine, and this is true, if you don't mind being dead as well as regular.

Catechu: Acacia catechu
As an extract of any of several species of Acacia, especially Acacia catechu, produced by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew, Catechu is an astringent and has been used since ancient times in ayurvedic medicine as well as in breath-freshening spice mixtures. See Acacia Bark for a discussion on the merits of the species.

Catnip: Nepeta cataria
The common name for a perennial herb of the mint family, native to Europe and an import to the United States and other countries, the catnip plant is now widespread in North America.
Given to the right cat, catnip can cause an amazing reaction! The cat will rub it, roll over it, kick at it, and have a wonderful time for several minutes. Then the cat will lose interest and walk away. Two hours later, the cat may come back and have exactly the same response.
Because there really isn't any scent that causes this sort of reaction in humans, catnip is hard for us to understand. However, it is not an uncommon behavior in animals that rely heavily on their noses.
Although no one knows exactly what happens in the cat's brain, it is known that the chemical nepetalactone in catnip is the thing that triggers the response. The feline receptor for nepetalactone is in the vomeronasal organ, located above the feline palate. The catnip reaction is inherited, and some cats are totally unaffected by it. Large cats like tigers can be sensitive to it as well. The substance must be inhaled to produce any effect.
Herbalists have used catnip for many centuries as a treatment for colic, headache, fever, toothache, colds, and spasms. Catnip is an excellent sleep-inducing agent (as with valerian, in certain individuals it acts as a stimulant).

Cayenne Capsicum minimum
Cayenne pepper has been prized for thousands of years for its healing power. Folklore from around the world recounts amazing results using cayenne pepper in simple healing and in baffling health problems. One report says, Cayenne has the ability to clear the blood of matter and gasses that cause digestive problems and to help people who suffer from cold hands or feet. It alleviates inflammation and can break up the deposits that contribute to the pain of arthritis. It clears sinus congestion, conjunctivitis, and spongy, bleeding gums. Because it also has astringent qualities, it can stop bleeding and prevent swelling. A source of Vitamin C, it rejuvenates the entire body when energy is depleted and is such a powerful stimulant that just a few sips of cayenne water or a few grains of cayenne on the lips may help prevent shock or depression in times of physical or emotional trauma.
A member of the Capsicum family, the cayenne pepper possesses Capsaicin, technically referred to as 8-methyul-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide, which has been widely studied for its pain-reducing effects, its cardiovascular benefits, and its ability to help prevent ulcers. Capsaicin also effectively opens and drains congested nasal passages. Cayenne is an excellent source of vitamin A, through its concentration of pro-vitamin A carotenoids including beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is not only a potent antioxidant in its own right, but can be converted in the body to vitamin A, a nutrient essential for the health of all epithelial tissues. Topical capsaicin has been shown in studies to be an effective treatment for cluster headaches and osteoarthritis pain. Cayenne and other chili peppers have been shown to reduce blood cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and platelet aggregation, while increasing the body's ability to dissolve fibrin, a substance integral to the formation of blood clots.

CEDRON: Simaba cedron
A novel pentacyclic C(19) quassinoid, cedronolactone E (1), was isolated from the wood of Simaba cedron. Its structure was elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it is valuable in treatment of toxicity and fever. It also may have some effect on leukemia

Greater celandine, or Chelidonium, has been traditionally used to treat a range of conditions including disorders of the liver and is widely available internationally. The CMEC has recommended that the TGA maintain Chelidonium majus as a listable substance, but that oral products be required to include a label warning statement. The statement is to advise consumers to use products containing the herb under the supervision of a healthcare professional, to seek advice from a healthcare professional before commencing use if there is history of liver disease, and to discontinue use of the herb if particular symptoms occur.

Night-blooming Cereus- Cactus: Selenicereus grandiflorus
The cardiotonic action of this herb is both documented and researched. Called Pain-in-the-Chest by the Shoshone, this herb is a mild heart stimulant similar to digitalis but much milder, containing phenylalkylamines. When used with astragalus it has great effacacy. In large doses Cereus produces gastric irritation, slight delirium, hallucinations and general mental confusion. Phenylalkylamines are listed under Schedule I of the CFR as hallucinogens. They include Mescaline, DMA, MMDA, DOM, STP, Ecstasy, and TMA

CELERY, SMALLAGE Apium graveolens (Umbelliferae)
General information:
More familiar as a vegetable than as a medicine, celery find its main use in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and gout. Containing apiol, the seeds are also used as a urinary antiseptic. Celery is a good cleansing, diuretic herb, and the seeds are used specifically for arthritic complaints where there is an accumulation of waste products. The seeds also have a reputation as a carminative with a mild tranquilizing effect. The stems are less significant medicinally.

CHERRY LAUREL: All parts of the plant contain hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is found mainly in the leaves and seed and is readily detected by its bitter taste. It is usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm but any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten.
Ripe fruit is said to be without toxins, as in the case of the potato, and an excellent food source. Said to have a jelly-like texture, the fruit is also said to be tart. I have not tried it, being timid where Hydrogen cyanide is concerned.

Chickweed: Stellaria media
Although chickweed was formerly taken orally to treat several types of conditions, no evidence currently supports its oral effectiveness in any condition. It may, however, provide a soothing effect when applied to skin irritations because it may have a mild astringent effect. An astringent shrinks and tightens the top layers of skin or mucous membranes, thereby reducing secretions, relieving irritation, and improving tissue firmness. Chickweed may be made into an ointment or a poultice (a soft cloth soaked in a solution and then applied topically) to relieve bruising and to treat cuts and scrapes. A solution made from fresh or dried chickweed leaves may help to relieve itching when it is added to bathwater.

CHIVES Allium schoenoprasum
The whole plant has a beneficial effect on the digestive system and the blood circulation. It improves the appetite, is digestive, hypotensive and tonic. It has similar properties to garlic, but in a much milder form, and it is rarely used medicinally. Dogs have been known to become ill after eating quantities of this herb.
CHICORY Cicorium intybus (Compositae )
HISTORY and common usage
Chicory is native to Europe and have been cultivated through the ages. As a tea or extract, chicory root is a bitter digestive tonic that also increases bile flow and decrease inflammation. Its roasted root is commonly used as a coffee substitute. Chicory is an excellent mild bitter tonic for the liver and digestive tract. The root is therapeutically similar to dandelion root supporting the action of the stomach and liver and cleansing the urinary tract. Chicory is also taken for rheumatic conditions and gout, and as a mild laxative, one particularly appropriate for children. An infusion of the leaves and flowers also aids the digestion.

CHIVES Allium schoenoprasum
The whole plant has a beneficial effect on the digestive system and the blood circulation. It improves the appetite, is digestive, hypotensive and tonic. It has similar properties to garlic, but in a much milder form, and it is rarely used medicinally. Dogs have been known to become ill after eating quantities of this herb.

Chrysanthemum is a genus of about 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Asia and northeastern Europe.
Research is demonstrating Chrysanthemum's potential in treating angina by dilating coronary arteries. It is also proving to be antibiotic against a wide range of pathogens. Chrysanthemum possesses strong activity against abnormal growths. Tests have shown that out of fifteen compounds isolated from the edible flowers, all showed potent inhibitory effects against abnormal cells. Chrysanthemum flowers are often combined with other herbs to treat childhood convulsions. The primary chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum include stachydrine, flavonoids, betaine, choline, and vitamin B1. The known properties of this herb are anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-hypertensive.

Sweet Cicely: Myrrhis odorata
This entire Plant is edible, and is said to have a 'pleasant aniseed flavour'. The whole plant, including the seed, is aromatic, carminative, expectorant and stomachic. It is useful in the treatment of coughs and flatulence, and also as a gentle stimulant for the stomach. The root is antiseptic and a decoction has been used to treat snake and dog bites. An ointment made from the roots has been used to ease gout and soothe wounds.

CINNAMON Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum (Lauraceae)
True Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, growing in tropical forest and being extensively cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Cinnamon has a long history of use in India and was first used medicinally in Egypt and parts of Europe from about 500 BC. The infusion or powder is used for stomach pains and cramps. Traditionally, the herb was taken for colds, flu and digestive problems, and it is still used in much the same way today.

Clary Sage: Salvia sclarea
Like its relative sage, clary tea, the leaf juice in ale or beer, was recommended for many types of women’s problems, including delayed or painful menstruation. It was once used to stop night sweating in tuberculosis patients. An astringent is gargled, douched and poured over skin wounds. It is combined with other herbs for kidney problems. The clary seeds form a thick mucilage when soaked for a few minutes and placed in the eye, helps to removed, small irritating particles. A tea of the leaves is also used as an eyewash. Clary is also used to reduce muscle spasms. It is used today mainly to treat digestive problems such as gas and indigestion. It is also regarded as a tonic, calming herb that helps relieve premenstrual problems. Because of its estrogen-stimulating action, clary sage is most effective when levels of this hormone are low. The plant can therefore be a valuable remedy for complaints associated with menopause, particularly hot flashes. When used in this manner, the plant has anti-depressive qualities with regard to menopause.

CLOVE Eugenia caryophyllata. Also- Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae)
Common Uses of:
Clove trees are original from Indonesia. The dried flower buds, clove, are extensively used as spice. The buds, leaves and stems are used for the extractions of clove's oil. Both the oil and the flower buds have been valued as a herbal medicine for a long time. The oil contains 40-60% eugenol, a strong anaesthetic and atiseptic substance. Cloves are also well known for their antispasmodic and stimulative properties. Japanese researchers have discovered that like many spices, clove contains antioxidants. Antioxidants help prevent the cell damage that scientists believe eventually causes cancer. On the other hand, in laboratory tests, the chemical eugenol, has been found to be a weak tumor promoter, making clove one of many healing herbs with both pro- and anti-cancer effects. At this point, scientists aren't sure which way the balance tilts. Until they are, anyone with a history of cancer should not use medicinal amounts of clove.

RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense)
Red clover has been used for relieving coughing, skin problems, and for preventing symptoms caused by menopause/"change of life" (e.g., hot flashes, trouble sleeping).Primary chemical constituents of Red Clover include phenolic glycosides (salicylic acid), essential oil (methyl salicylate), sitosterol, genistiene, flavonoids, salicylates, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, silica, choline, and lecithin. Red Clover also contains vitamin A, vitamin C, B-complex, calcium, chromium, iron, and magnesium. Researchers from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have found anti-cancer properties in this herb. A note of caution, this herb increases fertility in women.

Coca: Erythroxylon coca
Until 1860, when the alkaloid cocaine was first extracted from the leaves of the plant, people did not know why coca had such a disastrous effect. The substance obtained was a white scentless powder, which particularly affects the sensibility of skin and the sensory organs. This property made it valuable for surgery and two decades later it was already in use. Cocaine also stimulates the central nervous system. Therefore, one loses one’s feelings of fatigue and hunger, the inferiority complex and bad mood; however, one’s health and will deteriorate. The poisoning is very pleasant at first owing to a momentary euphoria and incapability of perceiving the environment as it is. Soon after that, weakness occurs, the pulse accelerates and becomes irregular. Affected people may have seizures accompanied by breathing- and cardiac disruptions, which may lead to a preventable fatal end. In South America during the 16th century, the Incan empire expanded and conquered neighboring tribes. The subject peoples were held in a kind of chemical bondage. The unconditional obedience of the masses was due to chewing the leaves of coca, which made people the perfect workers–they hardly ate or slept but felt satisfied, even happy. However, the narcotic also led to premature aging and a physical and mental breakdown. Then came an agonizing death. There are about 250 Erythroxylum species,At least 20 produce cocaine. Only two of them, erythroxylon coca and erythroxylon novogranatense, typically yield enough cocaine to justify commercial cultivation. A novel 3alpha,6beta,7beta-triol tropane alkaloid esterified by two benzoyl residues was isolated from the leaves of the endemic cuban species, Erythroxylon alaternifolium. Another novel 3alpha,6alpha,7beta-triol tropane alkaloid esterified by trimethoxycinnamoyl and trimethoxybenzoyl residues was isolated from the leaves and stem bark of a second endemic cuban species, Erythroxylon rotundifolium.

Fishberry: Cocculus, Indicus: Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties.
The stem and the roots contain quaternary alkaloids, such as berberine, palmatine, magnoflorine and colunibamine. The seeds themselves are the source of Picrotoxin, while the seed shells contain the tertiary alkaloids menispermine and paramenispermine.

Cocklebur: Xanthium strumarium
There are several types of toxins in cocklebur, one being a glycoside, carboxyatractyloside, which causes hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and a group of sesquiterpene lactones which can cause vomiting (in those species capable of vomiting), weakness, tremors, weak pulse, a loss of appetite and convulsions. The seeds and seedlings contain the highest quantity of toxin, yet the whole plant can be considered toxic. The Spiny Cocklebur is just as toxic, and has Trifoil spines which cause 'mechanical Damage' to livestock.

COFFEE: Coffea arabica
A species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia, It is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee" or "arabica coffee". Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. Coffea canephora (robusta), which contains about twice as much caffeine as Arabica, can be cultivated in environments where arabica will not thrive. This has led to its use as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. (It tastes like it contains cilantro and coal tar) Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans and Total hostility, delusional guilt as well as extrapunitive direction of hostility were positively related to homocysteine levels. Self-criticism was negatively related to homocysteine. On a positive note, Chlorogenic acids are a family of esters formed between trans-cinnamic acids and quinic acid. The commonest individual chlorogenic acid is formed between caffeic acid and quinic acid. Both chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are strong antioxidants in vitro. Coffee beans are one of the richest dietary sources of chlorogenic acid and for many consumers this will be their major dietary source. A 200 ml cup of arabica coffee contains between 70 and 200 mg chlorogenic acid whereas a cup of robusta coffee contains between 70 and 350 mg . Coffee drinkers might ingest as much as 1 g per day cinnamate esters (mostly chlorogenic acid) and 500 mg per day cinnamates (mostly caffeic acid). Coffee could supply as much as 70% of the total making it far and away the most important dietary source of this group of antioxidants. Studies show that the risk for type 2 diabetes is lower among regular coffee drinkers than among those who don't drink it. Also, coffee may reduce the risk of developing gallstones, discourage the development of colon cancer, improve cognitive function, reduce the risk of liver damage in people at high risk for liver disease, and reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease. Coffee has also been shown to improve endurance performance in long-duration physical activities.
Coltsfoot: Tussilago Farfara
An effective demulcent and expectorant herb, coltsfoot is one of the most popular remedies for the treatment of a wide range of chest complaints. It is widely available in health food shops. The leaves are commonly used in Europe, though the flowering stems (which contain higher levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids) are preferred in China. They are rich in mucilage and are the main parts used, though the root is also sometimes employed. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have a toxic effect upon the liver, but are largely destroyed when the plant is boiled to make a decoction. Some caution should be employed in the use of this remedy - the flowers should not be used except under professional supervision, the leaves should not be used for more than 4 - 6 weeks at a time, the herb should not be taken whilst pregnant or breast-feeding and it should not be given to children under the age of six.

Comfrey: Symphytum officinale
Comfrey contains at least eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). The amount of PAs in roots ranges from 0.3-0.4%. The content in leaves usually is lower. Acetyllycopsamine (PA) -- roots and leaves, Allantoin -- leaf 13,000ppm, root 6,000-8,000 ppm, Caffeic acid -- root, Echimidine, Heliosupine, Intermedine, Lasiocarpine, Symphytine, Lycopsamine -- roots and leaves, Rosmarinic acid -- leaf 5,000 ppm, There are several dangers associated with the use of comfrey. One of the biggest problems is that people accidentally collect foxglove instead of comfrey. Another problem with comfrey is that it contains at least eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). While the level of PAs in fresh plant may not be very high, ready-to-use preparation often have high levels (e.g., 270-2900 mg/kg). PAs are hepatoxins and can cause irreversible liver damage and the effects of the alkaloids can be cumulative. Therefore, damage to the liver may not be associated to the alkaloids in comfrey. PAs from comfrey given to rats caused mortality. Liver pathology was characteristic of PA toxicosis. When rats were fed dietary levels of 0.5% roots and 8% leaves, they formed hepatomas.

CORIANDER Coriandrum sativum (Umbelliferae)
The seed of cilantro, an annual herb in the family Apiaceae.
Coriander is native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa. Cilantro is a soft, hairless, foetid plant growing to 50 cm tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. The flowers are borne in small umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre of the umbel longer (5-6 mm) than those pointing to the middle of the umbel (only 1-3 mm long). The fruit is a globular dry schizocarp 3-5 mm diameter.
The name coriander derives from Latin coriandrum, which was first noted by Pliny. The Latin word derives in turn from Greek corys, a bedbug, plus -ander, "resembling", and refers to the supposed similarity of the scent of the crushed leaves to the distinctive odour of bedbugs (largely forgotten in this age of insecticides).
The world is divided into two very different types of people: those who love cilantro and those who hate it. I know those are strong words, but I have found that on this subject, much more so than politics, people are either on one side of the fence or another, no wishy washy sentiments here. Many of the herb books I consulted were less than flattering when talking about cilantro and its seed, coriander. Calling the leaves (cilantro) soapy tasting, they went on to say that the immature seeds had a most unpleasant odor, "like bed bugs," one text even comparing it to "burned rubber!"
Personally I do not fall into the cilantro-loving category, unlike all those who tout its citrusy, biting tang, I prefer my Mexican salsa without its addition. Although not native to Latin American cuisine, cilantro now plays a role, adding its distinctive flavor to many dishes such as ceviche, an acid cooked fish dish, and many sauces and stews. One example is pumpkin seed sauce, if one likes pumpkin seed. Traditionally served over fish or wild game it has now found a home served over chicken. Most dishes, even if they don't list cilantro as one of the ingredients will call for it as a garnish to add that final touch of piquancy. Why this is so remains, for me, a mystery.
Chinese, Thai, and Indonesian cuisines are well known for their use of both cilantro and coriander. Chopped, the leaves and the even more pungent roots add their flavor to most Thai curries, and the ground seeds (actual coriander) also give depth to the flavors. India curry powders owe a lot of their aromatic, citrus quality to ground coriander and the seed of the plant is actually fairly good tasting. The Chinese, quite accurately, call cilantro "fragrant greens," adding it to stir fries and sauces to animate them and add a pungent taste. The whole plant, roots and all, is often boiled and eaten as a vegetable, like collard, turnip and mustard greens.
Cilantro is a fairly recent arrival to the American kitchen.
Although Coriander was used by my mother, grandmother, great-grandmother and all of the Aunts, cousins, and associated cooks for generations, cilantro was considered unusable do to its bitterness. Coriander is thus more familiar, used in gingerbread, cookies, yeast breads, sausages, stews, and chicken dishes. Coriander can even make cooked beets edible.
If you must cook with cilantro, add it at the very end, as overcooking will muddy the taste and muddy cilantro is something to be avoided.
Although Cilantro is most often associated with the cuisines of Mexico and Asia, the herb originated in the southern reaches of the Mediterranean. Coriander seed has been found in Egyptian tombs dating back 3000 years. (but not the plant). Coriander is even mentioned in the Bible in Exodus 16:31, where manna is described as "small round and white like coriander seed." The ancient Hebrews originally used cilantro root as the bitter herb in the symbolic Passover meal, with good reason.
Because of the Romans and their conquests, coriander's use spread to Europe and Asia, where it appeared in recipes for potions used as aphrodisiacs in China during the Han dynasty (207 BC-200 AD). The Romans themselves used coriander with cumin and vinegar as a preservative which they rubbed into meat.
In literature, coriander is mentioned as an aphrodisiac in The Tales of the Arabian Nights. And those famous sugarplums which fill children's dreams at Christmas time are believed to have originally been sugar coated coriander, a treat that offered a sweet start and then a spicy burst of flavor. Later the recipe included small bits of fruit and became the confection we know today. Understandably, to my way of thinking, there is almost no use of the plant proper in the regions to which it is native, only the seeds.
Cilantro is a relatively easy to grow annual, requiring partial shade to full sun, moderately rich soil, and good drainage. It attracts bees, to which I am allergic, but otherwise it is a welcome addition to any garden. It grows quickly and reseeds itself easily, producing delicate white to lavender flowers in an umbrella-like display. Keep the plant pinched back to restrain it from going to seed too quickly.
To harvest the seeds, for coriander, wait until they have turned from green to brown, then dry them and store in airtight jars. To release the best flavor, crush the seeds in a mortar just as you are ready to use them. A member of the Umbelliferae family, which includes carrots and parsley, cilantro is one of the more fragile herbs, with its delicate, lacy foliage reminiscent of flat leaf parsley. The leaves do not dry well and, if you must use them, they should be used fresh. To store cilantro purchased at a store, cut off the stem ends and place the bunch in a glass of water and keep it refrigerated until use. Rinse the leaves just before use, to remove at least some of the unpleasant taste.
Fortunately for me, coriander is not one of the more medicinally potent herbs. Mostly used to settle the stomach, its warm, fragrant taste does make it preferable to some of the more pungent, powerful herbs like savory. In fact, coriander is often used commercially as an ingredient to make medications more palatable. It is also used as a flavoring in gin, pickles and sausages, as well as a component of makeup and perfumes.
Historical Usage:
Coriander's use as a medicinal plant has been reported since 1500 B.C. Both as a spice and as a medicine, it has now spread well beyond its native Mediterranean and Caucasian regions. It aids digestion, reduce flatulence and improves appetite. It helps relieving gastrointestinal spasms and counters the effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also chewed to sweeten the breath, especially after consumption of garlic (Allium sativum). It is applied externally as a lotion for rheumatic pain. Coriander essential oil is used in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics and dentifrices.

COWSLIP: Primula veris
"Where the bee sucks, there lurk I;
In a cowslip's bell I lie:
There I couch when owls do cry.
On the bat's back I do fly
After summer merrily," William Shakespear
It is used medicinally as a diuretic, an expectorant, and an antispasmodic, as well as for the treatment of headaches, whooping cough, tremors, and other conditions. And, it appears, Sprites like to sleep in the blossoms.

CURRANT (Ribes Nigrum) Also known as: Black Currant
Indigenous to: Marshes
Common use: Diuretic
(Ribes Rubrum) Also known as: Red Currant, Wineberry.
Indigenous to: Europe
Common uses: Wine flavoring, upset stomach. juice has cooling properties

Damiana: Turnera aphrodisiaca
Damiana is used as a general tonic for the nervous, hormonal, and reproductive systems. It has an ancient reputation as an aphrodisiac. Some claim damiana tea has a relaxing effect not-unlike low doses of cannabis. Others argue that Damiana has no active ingredients, and that its medicinal reputation is based on damiana tonics from the late 1800s which were inactive, or contained enough alcohol and/or coca to produce unrelated effects
Only one clinical study has been conducted to validate the traditional use of the plant for sexual dysfunction and impotence. In 1999, a group of researchers in Italy administered damiana to both sexually potent and sexually sluggish (or impotent) rats. The extract had no effect on sexually potent rats but, in the others, it increased the percentage of rats achieving ejaculation and made them more sexually active.
A 1998 in vitro clinical study reported that components in damiana bound to progesterone receptors in cultured human breast cancer cells, leading researchers to surmise that it had a neutral or anti-estrogenic activity.
Central nervous system depressant activity has been attributed to damiana and verified by research. Damiana also has been used in combination with other plants for its thermogenic activity. Two U.S. patents have been filed on oral appetite suppressants containing damiana, citing its inclusion as an anti-anxiety and thermogenic substance.
With such an ancient history of traditional uses worldwide, it's not unusual that the plant appears in many books on herbal remedies published world wide. Damiana is also widely available in most health food and natural product stores in a variety of forms - from tea blends, capsules and tablets to liquid tinctures and extracts. Most herbalists prefer to use damiana in combination with other medicinal plants; therefore, it can be found in quite a few herbal combination formulas for sexual potency, weight loss, depression, hormonal balancing, and overall tonics. Most of the damiana sold in herbal commerce today originates from Mexican and Latin American cultivation projects.

Damiana, False Aplopappus laricifolius
Historically used in treatment of dysentery. Rumored to be Anti-spasmodic/convulsive, May also be the Larchleaf Goldenweed of Texas or the Turpentine Bush.

DANDELION (Taraxacum Officinale) Also known as: Blowball, Lion's Tooth, Wild Endive
Indigenous to: EVERYWHERE
Common uses: Petals, leaves and root edible, a natural diuretic and stimulant, the ground roasted root of which makes a good "coffee" with a caffeine free "kick". Occurring naturally in Asia, Dandelion is now a common plant everywhere. Its medicinal virtues were probably introduced in Europe by the Arabs in the 10th Century. Both the Persians and the East Indians used it for liver complaints. Known principally as a weed, dandelion has an astonishing range of health benefits. The leaves, which can be eaten in salads, are a powerful diuretic. The roots act as a "blood purifier" that helps both kidneys and the liver to remove impurities from the blood. This effect seems to be due to its potassium content. It also acts like a mild laxative and improves appetite and digestion.
If all the uses/benifits of Dandelions were widely accepted, it would probably be a cash crop all over the US.

Deer's Tongue: Liatris odoratissima
Also called Wild Vanilla, Liatris odoratissima is used in the flavoring of tobacco. Once thought to be useful in Snake-bite treatment and as a diuretic.

DILL : Anethum graveolens
---The History of Dill---
An ancient Egyptian remedy in the Ebers papyrus (c. 1500 BC) recommends dill as one of the ingredients in a pain-killing mixture. The Romans knew dill as anethum, which latter became "anise". Dill has always been considered a remedy for the stomach, relieving wind and calming the digestion. Dill's essential oil relieves intestinal spasms and griping and helps to settle colic, hence it is often used in gripe water mixtures. Chewing the seeds improves bad breath. Dill makes a useful addition to cough, cold and flu remedies, and is a mild diuretic. Dill increases milk production, and when taken regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent colic in their babies.

DRAGON'S CLAW: Corallorhiza odontorhiza
An effective remedy for fevers, cramps, and skin diseases, but because of its relative scarcity, it is often combined with other herbs. The tea can be used internally or externally. For insomnia, take the tea before going to bed. a native American perennial plant that grows around the roots of trees in dry woodlands in the USA. The dark brown, branched, toothed, coral-like underground rootstocks send up simple scapes with sheaths instead of leaves and with terminal racemes of 3 to 20 flowers. It is one of the most certain, quick and powerful diaphoretics,(Producing or increasing perspiration). but it is a scarce plant and it's active agent is unknown. Once locally common in 30 - 50 year old pine plantations near St Williams in Norfolk County Ontario, Canada : in 1951 a stand of several thousand (Landon, 1960). The orchids have been all but wiped out by encroaching poison ivy where tree thinning occurred. Also called Autumn Coral Root, data is almost as scarce as the plant itself.

Dragon Wormwood: Artemisia dracunculus
This is Tarragon, a well-known spice among the general populace.
arragon is a bitter warming aromatic herb that stimulates the digestive system and uterus, lowers fevers and destroys intestinal worms. It is little used in modern herbalism, though it is sometimes employed as an appetizer. The leaves (and an essential oil obtained from them) are antiscorbutic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypnotic and stomachic. An infusion is used in the treatment of indigestion, flatulence, nausea, hiccups etc. The plant is mildly sedative and has been taken to aid sleep. It also has mild emmenagogue properties and can be used to induce a delayed period. A poultice can be used to relieve rheumatism, gout, arthritis and toothache. The plant is harvested in the summer and can be dried for later use. This herb should not be prescribed for pregnant women. The root has been used to cure toothache. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy to treat digestive and menstrual problems. This plant is a relative of Artemisia vulgaris, or Mugwort, Muggle Wort. Dragon Wormwood acts upon Dragons much as Wormwood does upon humans.

Elecampane: Inula helenium Also known as: Chin Ch'Ien Chu, Chin Ch'Ien Hua, Elecampagne, Elecampane Inula, Elf Dock, Enula, Helenio, Helenium, Horseheal, Hsuan Fu Hua, Induzotu, Mu Xiang, O-Oguruma, Scabwort, Velvet Dock, Wild Sunflower,
Elecampane was known to the ancient writers on agriculture and natural history, and even the Roman poets were acquainted with it, and mention Inula as affording a root used both as a medicine and a condiment. Horace, in the Eighth Satire, relates how Fundanius first taught the making of a delicate sauce by boiling in it the bitter Inula, and how the Romans, after dining too richly, pined for turnips and the appetizing Enulas acidas. Elecampane has a long history of use as a medicinal herb. A gently warming and tonic herb, it is especially effective in treating coughs, consumption, bronchitis and many other complaints of the chest as well as disorders of the digestive system. A very safe herb to use, it is suitable for the old and the young and especially useful when the patient is debilitated. It cleanses toxins from the body, stimulating the immune and digestive systems and treating bacterial and fungal infections. An extract of the plant is a powerful antiseptic and bactericide, particularly effective against the organism that causes TB.
The root contains alantolactone, which is strongly anthelmintic. In a 1:1000 dilution it kills Ascaris in 16 hours. Alantolactone has an anti-inflammatory action, it also reduces mucous secretions and stimulates the immune system. When scientists studied elecampane they discovered that it contains several hitherto unknown chemicals – variants of sesquiterpene lactones – that have turned out to be powerful antioxidants that can neutralise harmful free radicals.

Root - candied and eaten as a sweetmeat. It contains up to 44% inulin. Inulin is a starch that cannot be digested by humans. It usually passes straight through the digestive system, though it can ferment and cause wind problems for some people. Inulin can be converted into a sugar that is suitable for diabetics to eat. Recently, Korean scientists from the College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, analysed the active ingredients present in the plant’s root. They found that it contains chemicals called sesquiterpene lactones, which are known to have various beneficial effects on the body. Certain types of sesquiterpenes – such as germacrane, elemane and alantolactone – present in the root seem to kill cancer cells.

Elm, Slippery Ulmus fulva,
one of the most effective herbs used in reducing digestive pain and irritation and also protects and soothes the lining of the stomach and digestive tract due to its high mucilage content.

EUCALYPTUS, BLUE GUM Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Why Koala Bears are healthy.......
Eucalyptus is native from Australia, where it comprises more than 75% of all trees. A traditional aboriginal remedy, eucalyptus is a powerful antiseptic used all over the world for relieving coughs and colds, sore throats and other infections. The leaves cool the body and relive fever. Inhaling the vapors of the essential oils heated in water, clears sinus and bronchial congestions. Eucaliptol, one of the substances found in the essential oil, is one of the main constituents of the many existing commercial formulas of chest rubs for colds. The essential oil has also strong anti-biotic, anti-viral and anti-fungal action. Eucalyptus is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter cold remedies.

EUROPEAN CENTAURY (Centaurium umbellatum or Erythraea Centaurium)
Contains:
Secoiridoids. These glycosides are the so-called bitter principles and include sweroside, its m-hydroxybenzoyl esters centapicrin, desacetylcentapicrin, the related glucosides decentapicrin A, B & C, gentiopicroside (=gentiopicrin), swertiamarin.
Alkaloids: gentianine, gentianidine, gentioflavine
Xanthone derivatives such as l,a8-dihydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone
Phenolic acids including protocatechuic, m- and p-hydroxbenzoic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic
Triterpenes; b-sitosterol, campesterol, brassicsterol, stigmasterol, a-and b-amyrin, erythrodiol.
Usage:
Normally used whenever a digestive and gastric stimulant is required. Used primarily in appetite loss (anorexia) when it is associated with liver weakness. Centaury is a useful herb in dyspepsia and in any condition where a sluggish digestion is involved.

EUROPEAN VERVAIN (Verbena Officinalis) Also known as: Enchanter's Plant, Juno's Tears, Vervain, White Verbena, White Vervain.
Indigenous to: Mediterranean
Common uses of: Improves kidney and bladder function. Said to be an "aphrodisiac"


FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) Also known as: Sweet fennel
Indigenous to: Mediterranean, Asia
Common uses: Native to the Mediterranean, fennel has spread to surrounding areas, including India. Known to the Greeks and Romans, is was used as food, spice and medicine. The primary use of fennel seeds is to relieve flatulence, but they also settle colic, stimulate the appetite and digestion. Fennel is also diuretic and anti-inflammatory. Like anise (Pimpinella anisum) and caraway (Carum carvi), it has a calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. An infusion of the seeds may be taken as a gargle for sore throats and as a mild expectorant. Fennel increases breast-milk production and the herb is still used as an eye wash for sore eyes and conjunctivitis. Essential oil from the sweet variety is used for its digestive and relaxing properties.

FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Common uses: Believed to be an aphrodisiac, this plant is a mild stimulant and even milder diuretic, so that it makes you 'tingle' and feel better, (hence the belief that it is an aphrodisiac) A natural "pick me up" plant, good for the "icky" feeling of the last day of a cold.
Fenugreek is a legume grown primarily in the Mediterranean countries and India, for its seeds and their aromatic and seasoning properties. It is found in most curry recipes and in certain culinary dishes such as pastrami. Fenugreek is also used as a base for a maple syrup substitute. In addition, some perfumes are known to contain compounds found in fenugreek. Fenugreek's nutritional and tonic properties have also been tapped since ancient times.
Fenugreek seeds contain several compounds such as 4-hydroxyisoleucine, trigonelline, as well as certain aromatic compounds and steroidal substances that have not been found in other plants. All of these components, alone or in combination, provide this plant with a number of pharmacological, and therapeutic properties including glucose and cholesterol lowering effects.

Gurmarbooti: Gymnema Sylvestre
Gymnema has been used in India for the treatment of diabetes for over 2,000 years. The primary application was for adult-onset diabetes, a condition for which it continues to be recommended today in India. The leaves were also used for stomach ailments, constipation, water retention, and liver disease. In a study conducted by Diabetes in Control and Informulab of Omaha, NE, and Diabetes Educators, Gymnema Sylvestre extract was found to lower HbA1c from 10.1% to 9.3%. Use of this plant in combination with Elecampane (Inula helenium) has been shown to increase the efficacy of both herbs.

GARLIC: Allium sativum (Liliaceae)
How to make Vampires leave you alone.
Original from Central Asia, garlic is now cultivated worldwide. It was widely known by the ancients, being found in Egyptian tombs and used by Greeks and Romans. Recognized for its pungent odor and taste, garlic is a powerful home medicine for the treatment for a host of health problems. It is one of the most effective anti-biotic plants available, acting on bacteria, viruses and alimentary parasites. It counters many infections, including those of the nose, throat and chest. Garlic is also known to reduce cholesterol, helps circulatory disorders, such as high blood pressure, and lower blood sugar levels, making it useful in cases of late-onset diabetes. The active agents in Garlic circulate in the blood, which makes it unpalatable to Vampires and may allow it to remove toxins.
It is rumored to help in cases of Heavy Metal Poisoning, such as lead poisoning, by reducing the level of metallic poison in the system.

Geranium Pelargoneum graveolens
a traditional medicinal herb used by indigenous people of South Africa, the geranium is a rose scented herb whose leaves go well in salad, The whole plant has relaxant, anti-depressant and antiseptic effects, reducing inflammation and controlling bleeding. All parts of the plant are astringent and it can be used internally in the treatment of not only pre-menstrual and menopausal problems, but nausea, tonsillitis and poor circulation. Externally, it is used to treat acne, haemorrhoids, eczema, bruises, ringworm and lice. The leaves can be used fresh at any time of the year. The essential oil from the leaves is used in aromatherapy and is also applied locally to cervical cancer. It has a wide variety of uses and is an effective calmative and anti-spasmodic herb, reducing stomach cramps and pain.

GINGER (Zingiber Officinale ) Also known as: African Ginger
Indigenous to: Tropical parts of Asia, cultivated elsewhere

Common uses: Ginger eliminates motionsickness AND Morning sickness. Ginger is original from Southeast Asia and is now cultivated in most tropical countries. Its citations in ancient texts go back to the 4th century B.C. The Greeks imported it from the East centuries before Discorides recorded its use in the 1st century A.D. Familiar as a spice and flavoring, ginger is also one of the world's best medicines. The Chinese consider ginger as an important drug to treat cold and encourage sweating. Ginger brings relief to digestion, stimulates circulation, reduce headaches and kill intestinal parasites.Try a pinch of gingeroot powder on the back on the tongue, ginger beer or "Hot" ginger ale, or candied (crystallized) ginger. Ginger also helps clear sinuses and relieves migraine, but some people find high doses make them "shaky."


GINSENG (Panax schin-seng) Also known as: Chinese Ginseng
Indigenous to: Asia
(Panax quinquefolius) Also known as: American Ginseng, Five-Leafed Ginseng Indigenous to: North America
Common uses: This is the "Wonder Plant" it seems to work for everything, especially as a "pick me up." Ginseng is the most famous Chinese herb of all. It is native to north-eastern China, eastern Russia and Korea. The related species Panax quinquefolious, occurs in the eastern United States and Canada. Ginseng has ancient and rich history as a medicinal plant and has been praised for its remarkable therapeutic benefits for about 7,000 years. Its value was so great that wars were fought for control of the forests in which it thrived. An Arabian physician brought ginseng back to Europe in the 9th century, yet its ability to improve stamina and resistance to stress became common knowledge in the West only from the 18th century. Ginseng increases mental and physical efficiency and resistance to stress and disease. It often shows a dual response like sedating or stimulating the central nervous system according to the condition it is being taken to treat. In the West, ginseng is regarded as a life-enhancing tonic.It seems to cause headaches in some people, however. American Ginseng is less likely to cause headaches and will increase sexual function in males. Dong Quai (Yellow Root) will increase sexual function in females.

HEATHER (Calluna Vulgaris) Also known as: Ling
Indigenous to: Europe
Common uses: Heather has a long history of medicinal use in folk medicine. In particular it is a good urinary antiseptic and diuretic, disinfecting the urinary tract and mildly increasing urine production. The flowering shoots are antiseptic, astringent, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, mildly sedative and vasoconstrictor. The plant is often macerated and made into a liniment for treating rheumatism and arthritis, whilst a hot poultice is a traditional remedy for chilblains. An infusion of the flowering shoots is used in the treatment of coughs, colds, bladder and kidney disorders, cystitis etc. A cleansing and detoxifying plant, it has been used in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and gout.The homeopathic remedy, made from the fresh branches, is used in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and insomnia. Holistically the plant is used in Bach flower remedies as follows: Heather flower essence is beneficial to those who are consumed with self interests, self indulgence, or overly concerned with one's own problems. It helps one to move away from their unbalanced inward focus. It offers a better perspective, so that a person can learn to use their own suffering as a resource well that can be drawn from to offer compassion and caring to others.

He Shou Wu: (Chinese for Black Hair) Polygonum multiflorum
Note: Although no specific mention has been made for this species, there have been reports that some members of this genus can cause photosensitivity in susceptible people. Many species also contain oxalic acid (the distinctive lemony flavour of sorrel) - whilst not toxic this substance can bind up other minerals making them unavailable to the body and leading to mineral deficiency. Still, a number of common foods such as sorrel and rhubarb contain oxalic acid and the leaves of most members of this genus are nutritious and beneficial to eat in moderate quantities. Cooking the leaves will reduce their content of oxalic acid. People with a tendency to rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones or hyperacidity should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their condition.
That having been said: He Shou Wu is considered to be one of the most important of the Chinese herbal tonics and is widely used in that country. It is said to restore vitality and virility, working especially on the liver and the reproductive, urinary and circulatory systems. Some care should be exercised, however, since excessive doses can cause skin rash and numbness of the extremities. The roots and stems are antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, demulcent, depurative, hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, tonic. The roots are taken internally in the treatment of menstrual and menopausal complaints, constipation in the elderly, swollen lymph glands and high cholesterol levels. They are very effective in reducing high cholesterol levels in the blood and increase blood sugar levels. Externally, they are used to treat ringworm, bleeding wounds and sores. The roots are harvested in the autumn, preferably from plants 3 - 4 years old, and are dried for later use. The leaves and roots tonify the liver and kidneys, fortify the blood, strengthen the muscles and prevent premature greying of the hair. The stem is deobstruent and sedative. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia and neurasthenia whilst it is applied externally to ringworm. The stems are harvested in late summer or early autumn and are dried for later use. Extracts of the plant have shown antipyretic, antitumour, hypoglycaemic and sedative activity. As for me,
I doubt that People with a tendency to rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones or hyperacidity should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their condition. Inasmuch as the benificial properties will probably offset the irritation.
Scientific studies : Refer the root of the part when prepared in proper fashion to contain phospolipids, antraquiones, and bianthraquionyl glucosides. The principle actions of the major constituents are purgative, cholestorl lowering, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, and antiviral. These effects are thought to be owing to the plant's leucoanthocyanidins (LAC) (NAS). Further a positive dose-response relationship has not been found for any mutagenic actvity of the herb, which is generally an area of concern during any AMES-test EG: This herb is not mutagenic. Essentially indications are that it indeed possesses excellent attributes which if further studied (likely not by any pharma company) would provide indication that He Shou Wu, or Fo Ti as it is commonly named, is likely one of the world's best herbal tonics. Not to mention, Polygonum Multiflorum seems to work with combination with Achyranhes Aspera, causing signifigant weight loss as a positive side affect.

Horseradish
Horseradish is a member of the Cruciferae family which include broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rutabaga and turnip. Horseradish is cultivated for its thick, fleshy white roots, generally used to prepare condiments, such as horseradish sauces. Remedies containing plant materials from the Cruciferae have long been used by practitioners of folk medicine. Their effectiveness in the treatment of infectious disease has been substantiated by the discovery and characterization of antimicrobial phytochemicals from these plants. Reasonable experimental evidence also exists for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases, including some cancers. Several groups of compounds in Cruciferae, including the glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, dithiolthiones, indoles, sulfonates, and vitamins have been reported to be capable of preventing or alleviating diseases and promoting health. Horseradish is one of the richest source of allyl isothiocyanate which is believed to play a role in both chemoprevention and in suppression of tumour growth. A potent isothiocyanate inhibitor of mammary tumours, 1-isothiocyanate-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane (sulforaphane), has been isolated from broccoli. Cabbage is reported to contain another group of potent inhibitors of carcinogenesis that are believed to derive from glucosinolates: the dithiolthiones. The current interest in the biological activity of dithiolthiones is due to their ability to protect against known cancer- inducing chemicals, including aflatoxins

Horsetails Equisetum arvense
Important Herb, breakdown of chemical composition is as follows.
-methoxy-pyridine, Aconitic-acid, Aluminum, Articulatin, Ascorbic-acid, Beta-carotene, Beta-sitosterol,Caffeic-acid, Calcium, Campesterol, Cholesterol, Chromium, Cobalt, Delta-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenic-acid, Delta-7,10,13- hexadecatrienic-acid, Delta-8,11,14-eicosatrienic-acid, Delta-9,12,15- octadecatrienic-acid, Dihydrokaempferol, Dihydroquercetin, Dimethyl-sulfone, Equisetine, Equisetonin, Equisetrin, Equisetroside, Ferulic-acid, Fiber, Flavonoids, Gallic-acid, Galuteolin, Gossypitrin, Herbacetrin, Iron, Isofucosterol, Isoquercitrin, Isoquercitroside, Kaempferol, Kaempferol-7-diglucoside, Luteolin, Luteolin-5-glucoside, Magnesium, Malic-acid, Manganese, Naringenin, Niacin, Nicotine, Oxalic-acid, P-coumaric-acid, P-hydroxybenzoic-acid, Palustrine, Palustrinine, Phenolic-acids, Phosphorus, Potasium-chloride, Potassium, Rhodoxanthin, Riboflavin, Selenium, Silica, Silicic-acid, Silicon, Tannic-acid, Thiamin, Thiaminase, Thymine, Tin, Vanillic-acid, Water, Zinc
Since the time of the Ancient Greeks, horsetail has been used for wounds
and both the American Indians and the Chinese have uses horsetail to stop bleeding and accelerate the healing of wounds and broken bones.
Internally, horsetail can be used as a source of minerals, especially calcium, in a form that can be easily used by the body in the production and repair of bone, skin and connective tissue.
As a diuretic and astringent it was once widely used in the treatment of genitourinary problems such as gravel and inflammations. Europeans, Asians, and Americans have historically used horsetail in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, cystitis, cramps of the bladder, kidney stones, enuresis, lithiasis, dropsy, internal bleeding, fevers, eye disease, nephritis, cystic ulceration, gonorrhea, gout, rheumatism, and miscellaneous hemorrhaging conditions of the bladder, kidneys and prostrate. Horsetail even found its way into folk medicine treatments for cancer.
Research in Europe has shown that horsetail stops bleeding and helps build up the blood. It also possesses good antibiotic action. The use of horsetail to treat atherosclerosis is also currently being validated in European research. Modern research has validated long-standing folk medicine practices of using horsetail to mend connective tissue and bone.
Even though it acts as a mild diuretic, its toning and astringent actions make it useful in the treatment of incontinence and bed wetting in children. It has even been recomended in cases of inflammation or benign enlargement of the prostrate gland.


JASMINE (Jasiminum Officinale)
Indigenous to: Warm parts of Eastern Hemisphere
Common uses : Aromatherapy, used for Migraine and an aphrodisiac. Jasmine is probably native of Iran and is now well known and cultivated in Asia and Europe where it was in the l6th century, mainly as a source of perfume. Although it is rarely used today in the western World, flower syrups were once used for coughs and leaf tea to rinse sore eyes and wounds. Jasmine flowers make a calming and sedative infusion, taken to relieve tension. The oil is considered antidepressant and relaxing. It is used externally to soothe dry and sensitive skin.


LAUREL (Lauros Nobilis) Also known as: Bay Laurel
Native to the Mediterrenean region, bay laurel is know cultivated all over the world. Bay laurel was sacred to the gods Apollo and Aesculapius, who together oversaw healing and medicine. The herb was thought to be greatly protective and healing. An infusion of the leaves was taken for its warming and tonic effect on the stomach and bladder, and a plaster made from the leaves was used to relieve wasp and bee stings. Bay laurel is used mainly to treat upper digestive tract disorders and to ease arthritic aches and pains. It is settling to the stomach and has a tonic effect, stimulating the appetite and the secretion of digestive juices.
Common uses : Spice, burning to induce visions.

LAVENDER Lavandula officinalis or L. angustifolia (Labiatae)
In ancient times---
Lavender a native to the Mediterranean region, is cultivated in France, Spain and elsewhere. It was used for aromatic purposes by the Romans in washing water and baths. This herb once had uses in culinary, cosmetics and medicine. It was thought effective to cure headaches, especially when related to stress, to clear anxiety associated with weakness and depression. Externally, lavender oil has been used as a stimulating liniment to help ease aches and pains of rheumatism.

Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citratus
Known to stimulate cell regeneration and to soothe and treat intestinal infections and having known anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, the essential oil of lemon grass consists mainly of citral. Citral is a mixture of two stereoisomeric monterpene aldehydes; in lemon grass oil, the trans isomer geranial (40 to 62%) dominates over the cis isomer neral (25 to 38%). Also in lemon grass oil we find nerol, limonene, linalool and β-caryphyllene. The content of myrcene is low, but still enough to make the oil susceptible to oxidative polymerization. The medicinal properties of Lemon grass include digestive tonic, carminative, febrifuge, antifungal and healing. the oil has been shown to prevent spoilage, specifically fungus invasion in other food products.

MARJORAM,WILD MARJORAM Origanum vulgare (Labiatae) Oregano: What it's for: Native from Asia, marjoram is cultivated commercially in several regions. Much used by the ancient Greeks, wild marjoram has had a more significant role in medicine than sweet marjoram (O. majorana). Marjoram tea is an age-old remedy to aid digestion, increase sweating and encourage menstruation. As a steam inhalant, marjoram clears the sinuses and helps relieve laryngitis. Wild marjoram, more commonly known as Oregano, helps settle flatulence and stimulates the flow of bile. Strongly antiseptic, it may be taken to treat respiratory conditions such as coughs, tonsillitis, bronchitis and asthma. The diluted oil can be applied to toothache or painful joints.Medicinal properties carminative cholagogue antiseptic emmenagogue dental anesthetic

Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria,
an anti-inflammatory, soothing digestive remedy which helps to protect the digestive tract and reduce stomach acid secretions. It is also effective in reducing the pain of digestive disorders and ulcers and is similar in structure to the drug acetylsalicylate, or aspirin - without the side effects commonly associated with aspirin.

Mints:
Peppermint, or Mentha piperita is one of the most effective of the mint herbs, having been used for centuries to relieve indigestion, nausea and heartburn. Modern research has demonstrated its effectiveness in soothing the symptoms of diverticulosis, IBS and other digestive disorders. Mentha piperita is widely cultivated for medicinal uses and also has anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic properties. It relaxes the muscles of the digestive tract and stimulates the flow of natural digestive juices and bile, thereby assisting healthy digestion.

MISTLETOE Viscum album (Loranthaceae)
Caution, not for untrained users.
HISTORY AND USES:
Mistletoe is a unique hemiparasitic plant that has extensive historical use as a medicine and also as an ubiquitus religious and poetic symbol.
Regarded as a "cure-all" by Celtic religion, its mythological medicinal properties seem only but fictitious, yet modern oncology research and chemical analyses have revealed mistletoe's extremely formidable efficacy in cancer treatment and also extremely unique mechanisms of medicinal action. Native to Europe and northern Asian, mistletoe is chiefly used to lower blood pressure and hearth rate, ease anxiety and promote sleep. In low doses it also relieves panic attacks, headaches, and improves the ability to concentrate. Mistletoe is also prescribed for tinnitus and epilepsy. It may be used to treat hyperactivity in children.
Mistletoe extracts have exhibited both cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties which have been efficacious in the treatment of cancer. These have been experimentally evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Isolation of lectin and alkaloid compontents of mistletoe extracts have yielded tumor-reducing properties, yet none of these isolated components have been comparable to the effectiveness and relatively low-toxicity of the bulk fermented extract. Constituents of mistletoe with tumor-reducing components include: lectins, viscotoxins, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and polyphenolic substances. Other components include: carbyohydrates, phenolic compounds, sterols, triterpenes, and amines. Factors for testing mistletoe's ability to inhibit the cell-growth of cancerous cells include: type of cell-line, mistletoe species, preparation method (such as fermentation), and the host tree species (due primarily to variable alkaloid content).

Pau d'arco (bark) Tabebuia impetiginosa
contains the active constituents Lapachol and beta-lapachone, which are also known as naphthaquinones. Laboratory tests have demonstrated that both Lapachol and beta-lapachone have anti-fungal properties.

SAGE, Common Salvia officinalis
Sage has a very long history of effective medicinal use and is an important domestic herbal remedy for disorders of the digestive system. Its antiseptic qualities make it an effective gargle for the mouth where it can heal sore throats, ulcers etc. The leaves applied to an aching tooth will often relieve the pain. The whole herb is antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic and vasodilator. Sage is also used internally in the treatment of excessive lactation, night sweats, excessive salivation (as in Parkinson's disease), profuse perspiration (as in TB), anxiety, depression, female sterility and menopausal problems. Many herbalists believe that the purple-leafed forms of this species are more potent medicinally. The plant is toxic in excess or when taken for extended periods- though the toxic dose is very large. Externally, it is used to treat insect bites, skin, throat, mouth and gum infections and vaginal discharge. Sage contains anisodamine, a potent alkaloid, which has been much studied. It also contains thujone, which in high doses is toxic. The quantity present in a dose of sage may be higher than the amount found in a serving of Absinthe. Thujone was once believed to be Phychoactive and to cause hallucinations and delusions. Thinking back on the Holidays of my youth and the large amounts of Sage used in stuffing for various bird dishes, I remember a rosy glow of happiness and think there may be some truth in the myth.

SESAME: Sesamum Indicum
Magical Herb, noted in the " Tales of 1001 Arabian Nights". The precise natural origin of the species is unknown, although its closest relatives occur in Africa. It is widely naturalised in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds. The seeds are rich in manganese, copper, and calcium and contain Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and Vitamin E (tocopherol). They contain powerful antioxidants called lignans, which are also anti-carcinogenic. They also contain phytosterols, which block cholesterol production. Sesame contains one lignan unique to it called sesamin, which inhibits Delta5-desaturation of n-6 fatty acids.
This will exert a powerful antiinflammitory action in the subject ingesting sesamin.
Also it is worthy to note that professional body builders use Sesamin as an aid to safe fat reduction to safeguard the metabolic system. Plasma reduction and liver problems seem less when Sesamin is included in the diet.

Snap Bean Phaseolus vulgaris
Large quantities of the raw mature seed are poisonous. Children eating just a few seeds have shown mild forms of poisoning with nausea and diarrhoea, though complete recovery took place in 12 - 24 hours. The toxins play a role in protecting the plant from insect predation.
he green pods are mildly diuretic and contain a substance that reduces the blood sugar level. The dried mature pod is used, according to another report, in the treatment of diabetes. The seed is diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive. Ground into a flour, it is used externally in the treatment of ulcers. The seed is also used in the treatment of cancer of the blood. When bruised and boiled with garlic they have cured intractable coughs. The root is dangerously narcotic. A homeopathic remedy is made from the entire fresh herb. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis, plus disorders of the urinary tract.

St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum
St. John’s wort, is a shrubby, aromatic perennial herb belonging to the family and Hypericaceae. The medicinal parts of the plant include the fresh buds and flowers, the aerial parts collected during the flowering season, and the whole fresh flowering plant. Historically, Hypericum has been used for its sedative, anti-inflammatory, anxiolitic, and astringent qualities. Other folkloric uses include treatment of burns, insomnia, shocks, concussions, hysteria, gastritis, hemorrhoids, kidney disorders, scabies, and wounds. Currently, St. John’s wort is best known for the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In Germany, where it is licenced for the treatment of depression, anxiety and insomnia, sales outnumber all other antidepressants combined and it outsells Prozac by more than seven to one. In the United States 7.3 million people took St. John’s wort extract in 1997. The bioactive agents in St. John’s wort of greatest interest are the phloroglucinols, anthrocene derivatives, flavonoids, and essential oils. Phloroglucinols are prenylated derivatives of the phloroglucinols (1,3,5-benzenetriols) hyperforin and adhyperforin. Hyperforin, one of the main components (2-4%) of the dried herb Hypericum perforatum, has recently been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and it has been identified as the leading candidate for a single antidepressant compound in Hypericum.

Snapdragon Antirrhinum magus: a white mage herb for use against the black arts
Snapdragons were said to protect one from deceit. Also called Lion's Mouth, this herb was said to be a vital part of any magical protection from the worst sort of curses. Inasmuch as it is a stimulant, it might serve to inhibit the action of an agent designed to cause unconsciousness.
The leaves and flowers are antiphlogistic, bitter, resolvent and stimulant. They have been employed in poultices on tumours and ulcers. It is effective in the treatment of all kinds of inflammation and is also used on haemorrhoids. An oil that is little inferior to olive oil is said to be obtained from the seeds. One report says that the plant has been cultivated in Russia for this purpose.


TEA: Camellia sinensis
Several varieties of C. sinensis are used for tea production, including Assam, China and Cambodian varieties.
Research suggests that tea has flavonoid antioxidants, and herbal lore would suggest that Tea leaves contain many compounds, such as polysaccharides, volatile oils, vitamins, minerals, purines, alkaloids (eg.caffeine) and polyphenols (catechins and flavonoids). Although all three tea types have antibacterial and free radical capturing (antioxidising) activities, the efficacy decreases substantially the darker the variety of tea is. Tea tannins - called catechins (polyphenols). Appear to be the most potent therapeutic plant-derived chemicals, in that, aside from their antiseptic and antioxidant properties, they are able to form complexes with other molecules, thereby detoxifying the system . Catechins include gallocatechin, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Catechins make up approximately one-quarter of fresh dried green tea leaves, of which EGCG comprises 60 % . Tea is also an excellent source of vitamin C, especially if Lemon or Orange is added. Tea has been used as an age-old home remedy for burns, wounds and swelling. A poultice of green tea eases itching and inflammation of insect bites, while a compress stems bleeding.

WORMWOOD: Artemisia absinthium
Active substances include silica, two bitter elements (absinthine and anabsinthine), thujone, tannic and resinous substances, malic acid, and succinic acid. Its use has been claimed to remedy insufficient gastric acid, to promote blood circulation in the pelvic regions and biliary excretions, act as a disinfectant, and as a vermifuge. For medicinal use, the herb is used to make a tea. A wine can also be made by macerating the herb. It is also available in powder form and as a tincture. This plant may contain dangerous active substances. Limited use is recommended, and it should not be used by pregnant women. Originally believed to be similar to THC, (that has since been disproven) most likely thujone antagonizes inhibition in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor system.
In tests a high dose had a negative effect on attention performance. Modern evidence shows it to be no more dangerous or psychoactive than ordinary alcohol. (See Sage) The toxicity of thujone in the brain is believed to result from its structural similarity to tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC , the active compound in marijuana. Cannabis has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes and has great therapeutic potential. Thujone and THC have similar shapes, and it is believed that they interact with the same biological receptor to produce their similar psychological effects. The similarities between the molecules include gem dimethyl groups and a similar carbon framework. It is also believed that the hydroxyl group of THC and the carbonyl of thujone may interact at the same site. Modeling studies show a good degree of overlap.


Yarrow: ACHILLEA FILLIPENDULINA (GOLD YARROW)
Yarrow, A. millefolium, is used in numerous phytotherapy products in Europe, including as an anti-inflammatory, for spasm and colic relief, as a stomach tonic, and as a bile production stimulator. In addition, yarrow has been used against colds, cramps, fevers, kidney disorders, toothaches and skin irritations. Yarrow is generally recognized as safe in beverages only if the finished beverage is thujone-free. According to some sources, yarrow is present in more than 20 pharmaceutical products marketed in Canada, and is very popular in commercial European herbal remedies. It is considered to be a minor essential oil crop, but the annual world production of oil is substantial, about 800 tonnes, estimated to have a value of $ 88 million US.
Well over a hundred chemicals have been characterized in the genus Achillea. Of greatest interest are the lactones, present in volatile oils. A metabolic derivative of these, azulene, was once thought to be the constituent primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of yarrow. However, the medicinal value could be due to chamazulene, the sesquiterpene lactones, and terpenoids such as 1,8 cineole, $-caryophyllene, limonene, camphor which have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic or antioxidant effects. The alkaloid achilleine is an active hemostatic agent, and may explain the traditional uses of checking bleeding of wounds and sores.
Recently, an analysis was done of the headspace volatile components of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Achillea fillipendulina, A. tomentosa and A. millefolium. Over 125 Compounds were identified in the samples. All plant tissues, irrespective of the species, contain "- and $-pinene, camphene, limonene, 1,8 cineole and p-cymene. The main headspace constituents of the aerial part of the plant are "-pinene and camphene while esters dominate the composition of root tissues. Monoterpenic constituents make up 56 %- 99.3 % of the headspace of aerial parts, whereas non-terpenic compounds represent 40 % - 63.2 % of root tissue. Several sesquiterpenes were identified and mainly detected in stem and root tissues, attaining 33 % of the composition of the headspace from stem of A. fillipendulina.

Yohimbe: an herbal extract, Yohimbe comes from the inner bark of West African evergreen trees called pausinystalia yohimbe and Corynanthe yohimbe
Traditionally yohimbe bark has been used in Africa to treat fevers, coughs, and leprosy. Often yohimbe tea was taken by warriors in preparation for battle. Yohimbe was also taken during fertility celebrations, mating and marriage rituals. It has been used as a topical anesthetic slightly milder than cocaine, and a hallucinogen when smoked. Yohimbe’s most common, modern use is as a sexual enhancer. As a vasodilator increasing blood flow to the extremities, a nootrpoic substance increasing brain activity, and an anti-oxidant. Yohimbe, or yohimbine, has had little actual research, but anecdotal evidence suggests it to be effective in treating impotence and frigidity. It’s efficacy for women is also reported, in that it works the same way in both women and men with similar results.
Ellingwood's "The The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy." of 1919 reports as follows,
"Physiological Action-The action of this agent seems to be exercised directly upon the sexual centers of the spinal cord, increasing tonicity and reducing excitability.
Oberwarth and Lowy made physiological experiments on animals with the alkaloid. After injections of 0.005 to 0.015 gm. in rabbits they observed a swelling of the testicles and epididymis and their descent into the inguinal canal. In dogs and cats the swelling affects rather the penis and may go so far as to cause painful erections.
The hydrochlorate of yohimbin is a local anesthetic, of considerable value. Used in a two per cent solution it benumbs the mucous membranes in two minutes. In five minutes they are markedly anesthetic, and in ten minutes the maximum degree of anesthesia is obtained. The anesthesia lasts from one-half to three-quarters of an hour and sensation is completely restored in an hour and a half. It does not act upon the skin when applied. It must be injected. "
Also in 1919, herapeutic journals of Austria and Germany contained articles on the action of this remedy for the relief of impaired sexual function.
Personally I believe it to cause engorgment of the genetalia primarily due to its stimulation of the circulatory system and the belief that people have in its efficacy. It is worthwhile to note the phrase "may go so far as to cause painful erections." from the Materia Medica

A note on Garlic and Onions:
There are more than 250 members of the genus Allium, the onion family. Two of these, onions (A. cepa), and garlic (A. sativum), have been used in traditional and folk medicine for over 4,000 years. Disorders for which both garlic and onions have been used include: asthma, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, chicken pox, the common cold, diabetes, malaria, tumors, and heart problems. Modern science has shown that alliums and their constituents have several therapeutic effects including: antiplatelet aggregation activity, fibrinolytic activity, anticarcinogenic effects, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects.
Volatile sulfur compounds are not present as such in intact cells. The reaction between the enzyme allinase and the volatile precursors [S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide and sulfonic acid] takes place when cells are ruptured, resulting in the formation of different thiosulfinates and related sulfonic-acid derived compounds. Decomposition of thiosulfinates such as allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) proceeds by several pathways. One interesting pathway involves three molecules of allicin which combine, producing two molecules of ajoene which is apparently at least as potent as aspirin in preventing the aggregation of blood platelets and thus in keeping blood from clotting. Through other non-enzymatic degradation pathways, thiosulfonates are converted into sulfur-containing compounds such as thiosulfinates, cepaenes, mono-, di- tri- and tetrasulfides, thiols, thiophenes, and sulfur dioxide. The types and concentrations of sulfur compounds extracted from onions and garlic are affected by plant maturity, production practices, cultivar, location in the plant, and processing conditions. Other bioactives present in garlic and onion include: flavonoids, prostaglandins, sterols and steroid saponins, and oligofructans.
Flavonoids are present in the bulbs as well as the leaves of alliums. The flavonoids found in onion include eight quercetin glucosides, the 4’-glucoside, the 7,4’-diglucoside, the 3-4’-diglucoside, the 3-glucoside, the 7-glucoside, the 3,7-diglucoside, the 3-rutinoside (rutin), the 3-rhamnoside (quercitrin), the 7,4’-, and 3-glucosides of kaempferol, isorhamnetin 4’-glucoside, and eight anthocyanins. Most of these flavonoids are potent antioxidants and have a wide array of biochemical functions. They are involved in immune function, gene expression, capillary and cerebral blood flow, liver function, enzyme activity, platelet aggregation, and collagen, phospholipid, cholesterol and histamine metabolism.
Sterols and steroidal glycosides have been found in various alliums and saponin levels of 0.1% in leek, 0.021% in garlic and 0.095% in onion have been reported . The content of sterols and their glycosides have been determined in leaves and bulbs of onion, and levels of 2.7% free sterols and sterol esters, 1.7% sterol glycosides and 0.8% acetyl sterol glycosides in leaves have been reported. In bulbs, the amount of these sterol derivatives is lower than in leaves.
Onion bulbs contain a high concentration (35-40% dry wt) of fructans, which constitute a major portion of the water-soluble carbohydrates, and have been associated with storage life of bulbs. Fructans are fructosyl polymers which consist of linear chains of D-fructose molecules joined by linkages. This chain is terminated by a D-glucose molecule linked to fructose by a bond as in sucrose. A number of health benefits result from ingestion of oligofructans or oligosaccharides. These include: proliferation of bifidobacteria and reduction of detrimental bacteria in the colon, reduction of toxic metabolites and detrimental enzymes, prevention of constipation, protection of liver function, reduction of serum cholesterol, reduction of blood pressure, and anticancer effects.

Poisons

Aconite: In the Anglo-Saxon vocabularies it is called thung, which seems to have been a general name for any very poisonous plant. It was then called Aconite (the English form of its Greek and Latin name), later Wolf's Bane, the direct translation of the Greek Iycotonum, derived from the idea that arrows tipped with the juice, or baits anointed with it, would kill wolves - the species mentioned by Dioscorides seems to have been Aconitum lycotonum. In the Middle Ages it became Monkshood and Helmet-flower, from the curious shape of the upper sepal overtopping the rest of the flower. This was the ordinary name in Shakespeare's days.
The generic name is said to have been derived from , a dart, because it was used by barbarous races to poison their arrows, or from akone, cliffy or rocky, because the species grow in rocky glens. Theophrastus, like Pliny, derived the name from Aconae, the supposed place of its origin. The specific name, Napellus, signifies a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of the roots.
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Anodyne, diuretic and diaphoretic. The value of Aconite as a medicine has been more fully realized in modern times, and it now rank as one of our most useful drugs. It is much used in homoeopathy. On account of its very poisonous nature, all medicines obtained from it come, however, under Table 1 of the poison schedule: Aconite is a deadly poison.
Both tincture and liniment of Aconite are in general use, and Aconite is also used in ointment and sometimes given as hypodermic injection. Preparations of Aconitc are employed for outward application locally to the skin to diminish the pain of neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism.
The official tincture taken internelly diminishes the rate and force of the pulse in the early stages of fevers and slight local inflammations, such as feverish cold, larnyngitis, first stages of pneumonia and erysipelas; it relieves the pain of neuralgia, pleurisy and aneurism. In cardiac failure or to prevent same it has been used with success, in acute tonsilitis children have been well treated by a dose of 1 to 2 minims for a child 5 to 10 years old; the dose for adults is 2 to 5 minims, three times a day.
---Note---The tincture of Aconite of the British Pharmacopoeia 1914 is nearly double the strength of that in the old Pharmacopoeia of 1898.
---Chemical Constituents---Aconite root contains from 0.3 to 1 per cent alkaloidal matter, consisting of Aconitine - crystalline, acrid and highly toxic - with the alkaloids Benzaconine (Picraconitine) and Aconine.

Apple (Balsam) Momordica balsamina
It is claimed to be poisonous when taken internally, yet I have known it taken with safety in doses of ten to thirty drops. That is the equivalent of three drops of plant juice, so I guess it is pretty deadly.
---Description---A climbing annual plant often cultivated in gardens for its ornamental fruit, which is a rich orange red color, round on the ends, angular, warty, and obviously a member of the cucumber family. The name is said to be derived from Mordio, to bite, so called from its bitten appearance.
Momordica charantia and East Indian species with bright orange yellow oblong fruits.
---Constituents--- A clear reddish-brown oil from the seed assays 46,7 % a-eleostearic acid, 7,7 % of linoleic acid, 15,8 % of oleic acid and 29,8 % of stearic acid. The dried root yields 12,84 % of ash and the dried fruit 11,7 % and both ashes contain iron, phosphorus and calcium. contains a bitter principle, momordocin
Momordica balsamina leaf was investigated for it’s chemical and traces elemental
content. The air-dried samples were subjected to soxlet extraction using the
solvents petroleum ether, methanol and water of different polarities. The extract
fractions were concentrated and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify
which component was high in concentration. The aqueous fraction, which is
commonly used by traditional herbal healers, was further, subjected to column
chromatographic separation and the recombined fraction of the column was
further subjected to thin layer chromatography for identification. The air-dried
sample was digested and analyzed for trace elements using atomic absorption
spectroscopy. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloid in
high concentration followed by saponins, tannins and reducing compound,
respectively. Sterols and triteperes were absent in all the solvents used. The
analysis of the recombined column fraction of the aqueous extract indicated the
presence of the tannins in two of ten fractions, alkaloids in four, saponins in two
and the last fraction indicated the presence of reducing compounds. The thin
layer chromatography identified the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins
in the different fractions of the column. In conclusion therefore, M. balsamina as
shown here do posses some active chemical constitutes like alkaloids, tannins,
saponins, Fe, Zn and Mn. It is unquestionably the Alkoloids that are poisonous.
Historical Usage:
---Medicinal Action and Uses---A liniment is made by adding the pulped fruit (without the seeds) to almond oil. This is useful for piles, burns, chapped hands, etc. The pulp is also used as a poultice. The fluid extract is used for dropsy.

Apple (Bitter) Citrullus colocynthis
---Constituents---The pulp contains Colocynthin, extractive, a fixed oil, a resinous substance insoluble in ether, gum, pectic acid or pectin, calcium and magnesium phosphates, lignin and water.

---Medicinal Action and Uses---It is a powerful drastic hydragogue cathartic producing, when given in large doses, violent griping with, sometimes, bloody discharges and dangerous inflammation of the bowels. Death has resulted from a dose of 1 1/2 teaspoonsful of the powder. It is seldom prescribed alone. It is of such irritant nature that severe pain is caused if the powdered drug be applied to the nostrils; it has a nauseous, bitter taste and is usually given in mixture form with the tinctures of podophylum and belladonna. Colocynth fruits broken small are useful for keeping moth away from furs, woollens, etc.

---Dosage and Preparation---Dose of the powder, 2 to 5 grains.

It is an important ingredient in Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, Pilula Colocynthidis Composita, and Pilula Colocynthidis et Hyosiyami.

---Poison and Antidotes---In case of poisoning by Colocynth the stomach should be emptied, opium given by mouth or rectum followed by stimulants and demulcent drinks.

Baneberry: totally poisonous, it can be used as an anti-spasmodic if nothing else is available.

Bloodroot : The juice from this root was used as a body paint and dye by Native Americans. Warriors painted their faces with it and maidens their bodies. Reportedly a woman was given as a bed mate to a colonist at Jamestown by a local tribe and was presented wearing only a coat of red body paint made from Bloodroot.(Dobelis) The root juice has been used as a dye for fabrics producing a yellow orange color that is very fast. It has also been used as a charm. Young men of the Ponca tribe would put the juice of the root on their palm and contrive to shake hands with the maiden they desired to marry and in five or six days she supposedly would be willing to marry him. Applying the root or juice to the skin is a questionable activity as the plant is known to be an escharotic, a substance that kills tissue.

Bryony, Black Causes severe abdominal Pain, sweating, loss of appetite and can cause death.

Bryony, European White --- Digestive disturbance with acute diarrhea, profuse urination, profuse sweating, respiratory difficulty, convulsions and occasionally cessation of defecation. Also animals are unwilling to move.

Cabbage Tree Cabbage tree is a common name for several plant species:
* Andira inermis, native to Central and South America
* Cordyline australis, endemic to New Zealand
* Cussonia spicata, native to southern parts of Africa
Andira inermis is the poisonous one, containing Jamaicine-Andirin aglucoside, an inodorous, bitter, acrid resin which causes profound vomiting.

Calabar Bean The chief constituent is the alkaloid physostigmine (eserine), with which are calabarines, eseridine, and eseramine.
Physostigmine has been shown to cause cholinergic syndrome and so, with other agents, the calabar bean can cause depression so severe as to result in suicide. Added to the other effects of the bean, such as persperation and nausea, the concoction of a potion of sadness has genuine scientific support.

Potatoes --Solanum tuberosum--
Originating in South America where people have been cultivating them for more than 4000 years, Potatoes consist mainly of starch but also have at least 3% protein and some vitamin C. The green tissues in green potatoes contain substances called alkaloids which, when consumed in large quatities, are unbelievebly poisonous.When potatoes are green and sprouting they contain high amounts of the poison solanine. This is destroyed by cooking. Fatalities in horses have been reported. The related tomato plant was long believed to be toxic, but only when green. Both plants are members of the Bella Donna family.

Saffron, Meadow Colchicum autumnale
causes cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, increased blood pressure and respiratory failure. The active ingredient is Colchicine, an alkaloid. It is a pale yellow powder soluble in water in 1:25 dilution and is highly poisonous. Colchicine is extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (Autumn crocus, also known as the "Meadow saffron") and was originally used to treat rheumatic complaints and especially gout. It was also prescribed for its cathartic and emetic effects. Its present use is mainly in the treatment of gout.

Spurges: Euphorbias, having more than 3000 species.
As a very large and variable worldwide plant taxon, belonging to the namesake family (spurge family, or Euphorbiaceae). The name "Euphorbia" comes from a Greek surgeon named Euphorbus, who supposedly used the milky latex of these plants in his potions. The genus ranges from small trees, shrubs, vines to herbaceous plants. A significant percentage of these are succulent plants, some of which remarkably resemble cacti despite being unrelated, an example of convergent evolution.
Spurges contain an acrid, poisonous milky latex. Plants from Poinsettia to Christplant, including rattlesnake weed are all spurges, and all poisonous. While some, such as the Poinsettia are only slightly toxic, others are much worse.

Stavesacre: Delphinium staphisagria
Not to be confused with the band of the same name, Stavesacre is a species of Larkspur, a stout, erect herb attaining 4 feet in height, indigenous to Asia Minor and southern Europe. It is, or was cultivated in France and Italy. it is poisonous and used as a parasiticide. Its seeds are known to induce vomiting. An erect, downy, annual plant, member of the buttercup family, native to southwestern Europe and Asia Minor. Stavesacre is also a very poisonous plant that is rarely used in modern herbal medicine, and has been likened to curare. All parts of the plant contain diterpene (Any of a class of terpenes containing 20 carbon atoms and 4 branched methyl groups) alkaloids and are highly toxic. Ingestion of a lethal dose produces a feeling of excitement, followed by depression and extreme sensitivity of the nerves. Polycyclic diterpene alkaloids have a complicated diterpene nucleus. They are found in plants in the Delphinium spp. (Larkspurs) and in the Aconitium spp. (monkshood). Larkspurs kill more cattle in the United States yearly than all other poisonous plants combined.The alkaloids in Larkspurs, for example, methyllycaconitine, appear to act as powerful neuromuscular blocking agents. Symptoms of poisoning are rarely observed out on the range because animals progress to death so rapidly. In field trials, symptoms include restlessness, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle weakness and involuntary twitching, stiff gait, straddled stance with hind legs braced apart leading to collapse and then death by respiratory paralysis.
The diterpene alkaloids have, however, many uses in modern medicine and are currently in use and under study in China.

Strophanthus
Strophanthus is a genus of 35-40 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native mainly to tropical Africa, extending to South Africa, with a few species in Asia, from southern India to the Philippines and southern China. The name (strophos anthos, "twisted cord flower") derives from the long twisted threadlike segments of the corolla, which in one species (S. preussii) attain a length of 30-35 cm.
The genus includes vines, shrubs and small trees. The leaves are opposite or whorled, simple broad lanceolate, 2-20 cm long, with an entire margin.
Several of the African tribes used Strophanthus as the principal ingredient in arrow poisons.The dried, greenish, ripe seeds of Strophanthus hispidus and S. kombe contain the glucoside strophanthin, which is much used in treating heart ailments. Strophanthin acts directly on heart muscle, increasing muscular force. It causes the heart to beat more regularly and decreases the pulse rate. Strophanthin is a precursor of cortisone, which is used in the treatment of arthritis. G-Strophanthin is
A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the 'NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE'

Thornapple Datura stramonium
If large quantities of this plant are consumed, (any part) it is known to be toxic. It causes hallucinations, delirium, Hot, dry, and flushed skin, cardiovascular distress, coma and death. The Tropane alkaloids in the plant, (atropine is a tropane alkaloid) are used medicinally, in tiny quantities, and in Chinese herbal medicine.
From the early 1900's " Stramonium is, in fact, so similar to belladonna in the symptoms produced by it in small or large doses, in its toxicity and its general physiological and therapeutic action, that the two drugs are practically identical, and since they are about the same strength in activity, the preparations may be used in similar doses."

Wake Robin, American Arum triphyllum
(Trillium) Trillium is a genus of about 40-50 species of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to temperate regions of North America and Asia. They used to be treated in the family Trilliaceae or Trillium family, a part of the Liliales or Lily order. The AGP II treats Trilliaceae as a synonym of the family Melanthiaceae. Common names include trillium, wakerobin, and birthroot.
In the east of North America, the most common is Trillium grandiflorum (Large-flowered Trillium). This plant has a large, often white, three-petaled flower above three broad leaves. Along with its three sepals, it's easy to see where trillium got its name, which it was given by Linnaeus. Trillium grandiflorum is often the first wildflower noticed by casual walkers; other spring wildflowers are much less apparent.
Precisely what, about the wake-robin is toxic, I do not know, but it can kill you.

Yew ---Uses---The wood was formerly much valued in archery for the making of long bows. The wood is said to resist the action of water and is very hard, and, before the use of iron became general, was greatly valued. (In homoeopathy a tincture of the young shoots and also of the berries is used in a variety of diseases: cystitis, eruptions, headache and neuralgia, affections of the heart and kidneys, dimness of vision, and gout and rheurmatism. In almost any form, casual use of the plant will result in death.